Abstract
Priming refers to a mechanism whereby plants are sensitized to respond faster and/or more strongly to future pathogen attack. Here, we demonstrate that preexposure to the green leaf volatile Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z-3-HAC) primed wheat (Triticum aestivum) for enhanced defense against subsequent infection with the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Bioassays showed that, after priming with Z-3-HAC, wheat ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets. Furthermore, leaves of seedlings showed significantly smaller necrotic lesions compared with nonprimed plants, coinciding with strongly reduced fungal growth in planta. Additionally, we found that F. graminearum produced more deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin, in the primed treatment. Expression analysis of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes and exogenous methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate applications showed that plant defense against F. graminearum is sequentially regulated by SA and JA during the early and later stages of infection, respectively. Interestingly, analysis of the effect of Z-3-HAC pretreatment on SA- and JA-responsive gene expression in hormone-treated and pathogen-inoculated seedlings revealed that Z-3-HAC boosts JA-dependent defenses during the necrotrophic infection stage of F. graminearum but suppresses SA-regulated defense during its biotrophic phase. Together, these findings highlight the importance of temporally separated hormone changes in molding plant health and disease and support a scenario whereby the green leaf volatile Z-3-HAC protects wheat against Fusarium head blight by priming for enhanced JA-dependent defenses during the necrotrophic stages of infection.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Primed wheat ears had up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- priming with Z-3-HACe0
- Outcome
- necrotic spikeletse0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Value
- up to 40%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after priming with Z-3-HAC, wheat ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed seedling leaves had significantly smaller necrotic lesions than nonprimed plants.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- necrotic lesionse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- nonprimed plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of seedlings showed significantly smaller necrotic lesions compared with nonprimed plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal growth was strongly reduced in primed wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- fungal growth in plantae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coinciding with strongly reduced fungal growth in planta.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum produced more deoxynivalenol in primed treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- primed treatmente0
- Interactor
- F. graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogen - Outcome
- F. graminearum produced more deoxynivalenole0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. graminearum produced more deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin, in the primed treatment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid regulated early defense against F. graminearum.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- plant defense against F. graminearume0
- Qualifier
- earlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant defense against F. graminearum is sequentially regulated by SA and JA during the early and later stages of infection, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid regulated later defense against F. graminearum.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Compound
- JAe0
- Outcome
- plant defense against F. graminearume0
- Qualifier
- latere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant defense against F. graminearum is sequentially regulated by SA and JA during the early and later stages of infection, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Z-3-HAC boosted JA dependent defense during necrotrophic infection.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Z-3-HACe0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- JA-dependent defensese0
- Direction
- boostse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z-3-HAC boosts JA-dependent defenses during the necrotrophic infection stage of F. graminearum”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Z-3-HAC suppressed SA regulated defense during the biotrophic phase.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- SA-regulated defensee0
- Direction
- suppressese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but suppresses SA-regulated defense during its biotrophic phase.”
t0“Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · Fusarium graminearum · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.