Abstract
Chilling temperatures (10 to 15 °C down to 0 °C) disrupt photosynthesis, reduce growth, and discolor bermudagrass ( Cynodon spp.) turf. We studied the effects of chilling in controlled environments on the CO 2 exchange rate (CER), total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content, amylolytic enzyme activity (AEA), chlorophyll content, and turf color in two bermudagrasses to determine the influence of iron and benzyladenine (BA) upon these parameters. Grasses were grown on a Frederick silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic mesic Typic Hapludult) at pH 5.7 with 4.8 g N m −2 month −1 . Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82% and night‐time CER declined 55 and 52%, respectively, during 4 d at chilling (10/7 °C day/ night) temperatures. Midiron CER was 70% of the original daytime rate at 30 °C but Tifgreen returned to within only 27% when returned to 30 °C for 2 h after the chilling treatment. In contrast, night‐time CER fully recovered. Tifgreen's low daytime CER was associated with a 25% decrease in chlorophyll content, 60% decrease in AEA, and 160% increase in leaf TNC during chilling. Midiron chlorophyll content was unchanged, AEA decreased 30%, and leaf TNC increased 88% during chilling. The Fe treatments had similar prechill daytime CER. However, 120 mg Fe m −2 as FeDTPA maintained a 23% higher average daytime CER than 0 mg Fe m −2 after chilling and following recovery from chilling. Night‐time CER before and after the chilling regime was not affected by Fe. Average night‐time CER was 28% higher for the 120 than the 0 mg Fe m −2 treatment after the recovery period. Leaf TNC accumulation was similar for the Fe treatments. Darker green turf color was observed for 120 than for 0 mg Fe m −2 after the chilling period although no difference in chlorophyll content occurred. Daytime and night‐time CER, chlorophyll content, TNC, and color scores for the 0 and 12.4 mg BA m −2 treatments were similar at each temperature regime. Although chlorophyll loss and TNC accumulation in leaves are associated with photosynthetic inactivity in chill‐sensitive bermudagrasses, disruption of carbon partitioning and utilization probably contribute to reduced growth and turf quality of bermudagrasses at chilling temperatures. Foliarly applied Fe may facilitate the maintenance of physiological activity and more desirable turf quality of bermudagrass exposed to chilling temperatures.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling reduced daytime CER by 71% in Midiron.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Material
- ‘Midiron’e0
- Treatment
- chillingt0
- Outcome
- Daytime CERe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 71e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling reduced daytime CER by 82% in Tifgreen.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- ‘Tifgreen’e0
- Treatment
- chillingt0
- Outcome
- Daytime CERe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 82%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime CER declined 55% in Midiron during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Midirone1
- Treatment
- chilling (10/7 °C day/ night) temperaturese0
- Outcome
- night‐time CERe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 55e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“night‐time CER declined 55 and 52%, respectively, during 4 d at chilling (10/7 °C day/ night) temperatures”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
e1“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime CER declined 52% in Tifgreen during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Tifgreene1
- Treatment
- chilling (10/7 °C day/ night) temperaturese0
- Outcome
- night‐time CERe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“night‐time CER declined 55 and 52%, respectively, during 4 d at chilling (10/7 °C day/ night) temperatures”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
e1“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
Claim · model-written summary
After recovery, Midiron daytime CER was 70% of its original rate.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Midirone0
- Outcome
- CERe0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- original daytime ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Midiron CER was 70% of the original daytime rate at 30 °C”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Tifgreen daytime CER recovered to within only 27% of its original rate.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Tifgreene0
- Outcome
- CERe1
- Value
- 27%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tifgreen returned to within only 27% when returned to 30 °C for 2 h after the chilling treatment”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
e1“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime CER recovered fully.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Outcome
- night‐time CER fully recoverede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“night‐time CER fully recovered”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Tifgreen chlorophyll content fell 25% during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Tifgreene0
- Treatment
- chillingt0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tifgreen's low daytime CER was associated with a 25% decrease in chlorophyll content”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Tifgreen AEA fell 60% during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Tifgreene1
- Treatment
- chillingt0
- Outcome
- AEAe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“60% decrease in AEA”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
e1“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
Claim · model-written summary
Tifgreen leaf TNC rose 160% during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Tifgreene1
- Treatment
- chillinge0
- Outcome
- leaf TNCe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 160%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“160% increase in leaf TNC during chilling”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
e1“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
Claim · model-written summary
Midiron chlorophyll content was unchanged during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Midirone0
- Treatment
- chillingt0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- unchangede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Midiron chlorophyll content was unchanged”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Midiron AEA decreased 30% during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Midirone1
- Treatment
- chillingt0
- Outcome
- AEAe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AEA decreased 30%”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
e1“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
Claim · model-written summary
Midiron leaf TNC increased 88% during chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Midirone1
- Treatment
- chillinge0
- Outcome
- leaf TNCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf TNC increased 88% during chilling”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
e1“Daytime CER of ‘Midiron’ and ‘Tifgreen’ declined 71 and 82%”
Claim · model-written summary
120 mg Fe m−2 maintained 23% higher daytime CER than no Fe after chilling and recovery.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 120 mg Fe m −2 as FeDTPAe0
- Outcome
- average daytime CERe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mg Fe m −2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“120 mg Fe m −2 as FeDTPA maintained a 23% higher average daytime CER than 0 mg Fe m −2 after chilling and following recovery from chilling”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime CER was unaffected by Fe before and after chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Fee0
- Outcome
- Night‐time CERe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Night‐time CER before and after the chilling regime was not affected by Fe”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
After recovery, nighttime CER was 28% higher at 120 than 0 mg Fe m−2.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 120e0
- Outcome
- Average night‐time CERe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- 0 mg Fe m −2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average night‐time CER was 28% higher for the 120 than the 0 mg Fe m −2 treatment after the recovery period”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe treatments had similar leaf TNC accumulation.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Fe treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Leaf TNC accumulatione0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf TNC accumulation was similar for the Fe treatments”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Fe gave darker green turf, with no chlorophyll content difference.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 120e0
- Outcome
- turf colore0
- Direction
- Darkere0
- Comparator
- 0 mg Fe m −2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Darker green turf color was observed for 120 than for 0 mg Fe m −2 after the chilling period although no difference in chlorophyll content occurred”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
BA treatments had similar CER, chlorophyll, TNC and color across temperatures.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 12.4 mg BA m −2e0
- Outcome
- Daytime and night‐time CER, chlorophyll content, TNC, and color scorese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daytime and night‐time CER, chlorophyll content, TNC, and color scores for the 0 and 12.4 mg BA m −2 treatments were similar at each temperature regime”
t0“Bermudagrass Response to Chilling Temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Fe may maintain physiological activity and turf quality under chilling.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- Foliarly applied Fee0
- Outcome
- maintenance of physiological activity and more desirable turf qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliarly applied Fe may facilitate the maintenance of physiological activity and more desirable turf quality of bermudagrass exposed to chilling temperatures”
The same questions in other papers
iron atom · quality: sugar starch · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
N-benzyladenine · quality: sugar starch · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
cold · physiology: pigments · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cold · quality: sugar starch · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.