Abstract
ABSTRACT Commercial vegetable production depends almost solely on inorganic fertilizers. In an era of environmental sensitivity, enrichment of soils with green manures and cover crops may reduce the dependence on these fertilizers while maintaining and enhancing crop yields. The objectives of this research were to determine (1) if supplemental nitrogen (N) at 60 or 120 kg · ha−1 following winter cover crops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) affect yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in rotation; and (2) the distribution and retention of soil nitrates in the soil profile as affected by N fertilization and cover cropping. ‘Mountain Pride’ fresh market tomato and ‘Strike’ snap bean were grown in rotation for four years. Clover and wheat cover crops increased total marketable yield of ‘Mountain Pride’ tomato in one out of four years. Total marketable tomato yield increased as fertilizer N increased to 60 kg · ha−1 in two out of four years and with 120 kg · ha−1 in one out of four years. N did not interact with cover crops to affect yield. ‘Strike’ snap bean marketable yield summed over all years was 60% lower in clover plots compared with fallow. Total marketable snap bean yield increased with 60 kg N · ha−1 in one out of three years but was unresponsive to N in two out of three years. Soil nitrates to 1.2 m depth were higher after clover and wheat than after fallow. Nitrate level was highest in soil with clover and 120 kg N · ha−1. In all cover crop or fallow plots, as fertilizer N application levels increased, the soil nitrates also increased. Cover crops or fertilizer N application did not increase the retention of residual nitrates in the 1.2 m soil profile depth after four years of cropping.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Clover increased tomato marketable yield in one of four years.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- ‘Mountain Pride’e0
- Treatment
- Clovere0
- Outcome
- total marketable yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- one out of four yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clover and wheat cover crops increased total marketable yield of ‘Mountain Pride’ tomato in one out of four years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat cover crops increased tomato marketable yield in one of four years.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- ‘Mountain Pride’e0
- Treatment
- wheat cover cropse0
- Outcome
- total marketable yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- one out of four yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clover and wheat cover crops increased total marketable yield of ‘Mountain Pride’ tomato in one out of four years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer N at 60 kg · ha−1 increased tomato yield in two of four years.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- fertilizer N increased to 60 kg · ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Total marketable tomato yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- two out of four yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total marketable tomato yield increased as fertilizer N increased to 60 kg · ha−1 in two out of four years”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer N at 120 kg · ha−1 increased tomato yield in one of four years.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 120 kg · ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Total marketable tomato yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- one out of four yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total marketable tomato yield increased as fertilizer N increased to 60 kg · ha−1 in two out of four years and with 120 kg · ha−1 in one out of four years”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen did not interact with cover crops for yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not interacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N did not interact with cover crops to affect yield.”
e1“‘Mountain Pride’ tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Snap bean marketable yield was 60% lower with clover than fallow.
Verbatim
e0“‘Strike’ snap bean marketable yield summed over all years was 60% lower in clover plots compared with fallow.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 60 kg N · ha−1 increased snap bean yield in one of three years.
- Taxon
- snap beane0
- Treatment
- 60 kg N · ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Total marketable snap bean yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- one out of three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Total marketable snap bean yield increased with 60 kg N · ha−1 in one out of three years”
Claim · model-written summary
Snap bean yield did not respond to nitrogen in two of three years.
- Taxon
- snap beane0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- Total marketable snap bean yielde0
- Direction
- unresponsivee0
- Qualifier
- two out of three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Total marketable snap bean yield increased with 60 kg N · ha−1 in one out of three years but was unresponsive to N in two out of three years”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate was higher following clover than fallow.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil nitrates to 1.2 m depth were higher after clover and wheat than after fallow.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate was higher following wheat than fallow.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil nitrates to 1.2 m depth were higher after clover and wheat than after fallow.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate was highest with clover and 120 kg N · ha−1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate level was highest in soil with clover and 120 kg N · ha−1.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate rose with increasing fertilizer N across cover crop and fallow plots.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In all cover crop or fallow plots, as fertilizer N application levels increased, the soil nitrates also increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops did not increase residual nitrate retention after four years.
- Treatment
- Cover cropse0
- Outcome
- retention of residual nitratese0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Qualifier
- after four years of croppinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cover crops or fertilizer N application did not increase the retention of residual nitrates in the 1.2 m soil profile depth after four years of cropping.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer N did not increase residual nitrate retention after four years.
- Treatment
- fertilizer N applicatione0
- Outcome
- retention of residual nitratese0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Qualifier
- after four years of croppinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cover crops or fertilizer N application did not increase the retention of residual nitrates in the 1.2 m soil profile depth after four years of cropping.”
The same questions in other papers
Triticum aestivum · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
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cover crop · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →nitrogen · quality: postharvest · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 8 papers →fertilization · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
89 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
107 papers more in this group
See all 111 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.