Abstract
The effectiveness of low-toxicity chemicals as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of post-harvest green and blue moulds of citrus was evaluated. A preliminary selection of chemicals, mostly common food additives, was made through in vivo primary screenings with oranges artificially inoculated with Penicillium digitatum or P italicum. Selected compounds and mixtures were tested as heated solutions in small-scale trials. Immersion of artificially inoculated oranges or lemons for 120 s in solutions at 40.6 degrees C and natural pH of potassium sorbate (0.2 M), sodium benzoate (0.2 M) or mixtures (0.1 + 0.1 M) of potassium sorbate with sodium benzoate, sodium propionate or sodium acetate were the most effective organic acid salts tested and reduced green mould by 70-80% after 7 days of storage at 20 degrees C. The mixtures did not significantly enhance the effectiveness of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate alone. These solutions were as effective as sodium carbonate or calcium polysulphide treatments and, in general, they were more effective on lemons than on oranges. Satisfactory control of green and blue moulds was obtained by dipping oranges for 150 s in solutions of sodium molybdate (24.2 mM) or ammonium molybdate (1.0 mM) at 48 or 53 degrees C, but not at 20 degrees C. At 53 degrees C, however, the effectiveness of hot water was not enhanced by either molybdate. Molybdenum salts at higher concentrations were phytotoxic and stained the fruit. At non-phytotoxic concentrations, the effectiveness of these solutions was more influenced by temperature than by concentration. In general, the inhibitory effects of all compounds tested were not fungicidal but fungistatic and not very persistent. In conclusion, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and ammonium molybdate, among the wide range of chemicals tested, were superior for the control of post-harvest Penicillium decay of citrus fruit.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Immersion of inoculated oranges or lemons in heated solutions of potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate or their mixtures with other salts reduced green mould by 70-80% after 7 days of storage at 20 degrees C.
- Taxon
- oranges or lemonse1
- Treatment
- potassium sorbate (0.2 M), sodium benzoate (0.2 M) or mixtures (0.1 + 0.1 M) of potassium sorbate with sodium benzoate, sodium propionate or sodium acetatee1
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume0pathogen - Outcome
- green moulde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 70-80%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium digitatum or P italicum”
e1“Immersion of artificially inoculated oranges or lemons for 120 s in solutions at 40.6 degrees C and natural pH of potassium sorbate (0.2 M), sodium benzoate (0.2 M) or mixtures (0.1 + 0.1 M) of potassium sorbate with sodium benzoate, sodium propionate or sodium acetate were the most effective organic acid salts tested and reduced green mould by 70-80% after 7 days of storage at 20 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixtures of the organic acid salts did not significantly enhance the effectiveness of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate alone.
- Treatment
- mixturese1
- Outcome
- effectivenesse1
- Direction
- did not significantly enhancee1
- Comparator
- potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate alonee1
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“citrus fruit”
e1“The mixtures did not significantly enhance the effectiveness of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The salt solutions were as effective as sodium carbonate or calcium polysulphide treatments.
- Treatment
- These solutionse1
- Outcome
- effectivee1
- Direction
- as effective ase1
- Comparator
- sodium carbonate or calcium polysulphide treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“citrus fruit”
e1“These solutions were as effective as sodium carbonate or calcium polysulphide treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The salt solutions were generally more effective on lemons than on oranges.
- Taxon
- lemons
Citrus ×limone1 - Outcome
- effectivee1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- orangese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“they were more effective on lemons than on oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Satisfactory control of green and blue moulds was obtained by dipping oranges in sodium molybdate or ammonium molybdate solutions at 48 or 53 degrees C, but not at 20 degrees C.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- dipping oranges for 150 s in solutions of sodium molybdate (24.2 mM) or ammonium molybdate (1.0 mM) at 48 or 53 degrees Ce1
- Outcome
- Satisfactory control of green and blue mouldse1
- Comparator
- 20 degrees Ce1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e1“Satisfactory control of green and blue moulds was obtained by dipping oranges for 150 s in solutions of sodium molybdate (24.2 mM) or ammonium molybdate (1.0 mM) at 48 or 53 degrees C, but not at 20 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum salts at higher concentrations were phytotoxic and stained the fruit.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“citrus fruit”
e1“Molybdenum salts at higher concentrations were phytotoxic and stained the fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The inhibitory effects of all compounds tested were fungistatic rather than fungicidal and not very persistent.
- Outcome
- not fungicidal but fungistatic and not very persistente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“citrus fruit”
e1“not fungicidal but fungistatic and not very persistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and ammonium molybdate were superior among the chemicals tested for controlling postharvest Penicillium decay of citrus fruit.
- Outcome
- superior for the control of post-harvest Penicillium decaye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and ammonium molybdate, among the wide range of chemicals tested, were superior for the control of post-harvest Penicillium decay of citrus fruit”
The same questions in other papers
potassium sorbate · Penicillium digitatum · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · control · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.