Abstract
Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM), each at three levels of Ca, low (0.04 mM), adequate (4 mM), and high (8 mM). Low Cu levels resulted in a decrease of the dry weight of whole plant and in the leaf chlorophyll content as well as Cu and Fe concentrations and activity of polyphenol oxidase and in an increase of the activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugars. These effects were further accentuated by a combined deficiency in Cu and Ca. The synergy between Cu and Ca was manifested when a low Ca level aggravated the effects of excess Cu by further reducing the dry weight and concentration of chlorophyll, leaf Fe and increasing the sugar concentration and activities of polyphenol oxidase and ribonuclease. In barley the Cu toxicity effects such as reduced dry weight, increase of leaf Cu, Ca, and reducing sugar concentrations, and stimulation of the activity of polyphenol oxidase were further enhanced by excess Ca. At all three levels of Ca, the addition of a normal Cu level to low Cu plants alleviated the Cu deficiency effects except for α-amylase activity, after 48 h. The effects of Ca deficiency were partially alleviated upon the resumption of Ca supply to Ca deficient leaf discs.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low Cu decreased the dry weight of the whole barley plant compared with normal Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
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Hordeum vulgaree0 - Material
- cv. Jyotie0
- Treatment
- Low Cu levelse1
- Outcome
- dry weight of whole plante1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- normal (1 µM)e0
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e1“Low Cu levels resulted in a decrease of the dry weight of whole plant and in the leaf chlorophyll content as well as Cu and Fe concentrations and activity of polyphenol oxidase and in an increase of the activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Cu decreased leaf chlorophyll content compared with normal Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Low Cu levelse1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- normal (1 µM)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e1“Low Cu levels resulted in a decrease of the dry weight of whole plant and in the leaf chlorophyll content as well as Cu and Fe concentrations and activity of polyphenol oxidase and in an increase of the activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Cu decreased leaf Cu and Fe concentrations compared with normal Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- Low Cu levelse1
- Outcome
- Cu and Fe concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- normal (1 µM)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e1“Low Cu levels resulted in a decrease of the dry weight of whole plant and in the leaf chlorophyll content as well as Cu and Fe concentrations and activity of polyphenol oxidase and in an increase of the activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Cu decreased polyphenol oxidase activity compared with normal Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Low Cu levelse1
- Outcome
- activity of polyphenol oxidasee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- normal (1 µM)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e1“Low Cu levels resulted in a decrease of the dry weight of whole plant and in the leaf chlorophyll content as well as Cu and Fe concentrations and activity of polyphenol oxidase and in an increase of the activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Cu increased ribonuclease and peroxidase activities and reducing sugar concentration compared with normal Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Low Cu levelse1
- Outcome
- activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugarse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- normal (1 µM)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e1“Low Cu levels resulted in a decrease of the dry weight of whole plant and in the leaf chlorophyll content as well as Cu and Fe concentrations and activity of polyphenol oxidase and in an increase of the activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined deficiency of Cu and Ca further accentuated the low-Cu effects.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- combined deficiency in Cu and Cae2
- Outcome
- These effectse2
- Direction
- accentuatede2
- Comparator
- Low Cu levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e1“Low Cu levels resulted in a decrease of the dry weight of whole plant and in the leaf chlorophyll content as well as Cu and Fe concentrations and activity of polyphenol oxidase and in an increase of the activities of ribonuclease and peroxidase and concentration of reducing sugars”
e2“These effects were further accentuated by a combined deficiency in Cu and Ca”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Ca further reduced dry weight under excess Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- low Ca levele3
- Outcome
- dry weighte3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Comparator
- excess Cue3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e3“a low Ca level aggravated the effects of excess Cu by further reducing the dry weight and concentration of chlorophyll, leaf Fe and increasing the sugar concentration and activities of polyphenol oxidase and ribonuclease”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Ca further reduced leaf chlorophyll and Fe concentrations under excess Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- low Ca levele3
- Outcome
- concentration of chlorophyll, leaf Fee3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Comparator
- excess Cue3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e3“a low Ca level aggravated the effects of excess Cu by further reducing the dry weight and concentration of chlorophyll, leaf Fe and increasing the sugar concentration and activities of polyphenol oxidase and ribonuclease”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Ca increased sugar concentration and polyphenol oxidase and ribonuclease activities under excess Cu.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- low Ca levele3
- Outcome
- sugar concentration and activities of polyphenol oxidase and ribonucleasee3
- Direction
- increasinge3
- Comparator
- excess Cue3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e3“a low Ca level aggravated the effects of excess Cu by further reducing the dry weight and concentration of chlorophyll, leaf Fe and increasing the sugar concentration and activities of polyphenol oxidase and ribonuclease”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess Ca further enhanced the Cu toxicity effects in barley.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- excess Cae4
- Outcome
- Cu toxicity effectse4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- reduced dry weight, increase of leaf Cu, Ca, and reducing sugar concentrations, and stimulation of the activity of polyphenol oxidasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e4“In barley the Cu toxicity effects such as reduced dry weight, increase of leaf Cu, Ca, and reducing sugar concentrations, and stimulation of the activity of polyphenol oxidase were further enhanced by excess Ca”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding normal Cu to low-Cu plants alleviated Cu deficiency effects.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- addition of a normal Cu level to low Cu plantse5
- Outcome
- Cu deficiency effectse5
- Direction
- alleviatede5
- Qualifier
- except for α-amylase activity, after 48 he5
- Comparator
- low Cu plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e5“the addition of a normal Cu level to low Cu plants alleviated the Cu deficiency effects except for α-amylase activity, after 48 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Resuming Ca supply partially alleviated the effects of Ca deficiency in barley leaf discs.
- Taxon
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- resumption of Ca supplye6
- Outcome
- effects of Ca deficiencye6
- Direction
- alleviatede6
- Qualifier
- partiallye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Jyoti was grown in refined sand at three levels of Cu, namely, deficient (0.01 µM), normal (1 µM), and excess (100 µM)”
e6“The effects of Ca deficiency were partially alleviated upon the resumption of Ca supply to Ca deficient leaf discs”
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