Abstract
BACKGROUND: Animal-derived elicitors can be used by plants to detect herbivory but they function only in specific insect-plant interactions. How can plants generally perceive damage caused by herbivores? Damaged-self recognition occurs when plants perceive molecular signals of damage: degraded plant molecules or molecules localized outside their original compartment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Flame wounding or applying leaf extract or solutions of sucrose or ATP to slightly wounded lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves induced the secretion of extrafloral nectar, an indirect defense mechanism. Chemically related molecules that would not be released in high concentrations from damaged plant cells (glucose, fructose, salt, and sorbitol) did not elicit a detectable response, excluding osmotic shock as an alternative explanation. Treatments inducing extrafloral nectar secretion also enhanced endogenous concentrations of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). Endogenous JA was also induced by mechanically damaging leaves of lima bean, Arabidopsis, maize, strawberry, sesame and tomato. In lima bean, tomato and sesame, the application of leaf extract further increased endogenous JA content, indicating that damaged-self recognition is taxonomically widely distributed. Transcriptomic patterns obtained with untargeted 454 pyrosequencing of lima bean in response to flame wounding or the application of leaf extract or JA were highly similar to each other, but differed from the response to mere mechanical damage. We conclude that the amount or concentration of damaged-self signals can quantitatively determine the intensity of the wound response and that the full damaged-self response requires the disruption of many cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Numerous compounds function as JA-inducing elicitors in different plant species. Most of them are, contain, or release, plant-derived molecular motifs. Damaged-self recognition represents a taxonomically widespread mechanism that contributes to the perception of herbivore feeding by plants. This strategy is independent of insect-derived elicitors and, therefore, allows plants to maintain evolutionary control over their interaction with herbivores.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Flame wounding induced extrafloral nectar secretion in slightly wounded lima bean leaves.
- Taxon
- lima bean
Phaseolus lunatuse1 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Flame woundinge1
- Outcome
- secretion of extrafloral nectare1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Flame wounding or applying leaf extract or solutions of sucrose or ATP to slightly wounded lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves induced the secretion of extrafloral nectar”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of leaf extract induced extrafloral nectar secretion in slightly wounded lima bean leaves.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- applying leaf extracte1
- Outcome
- secretion of extrafloral nectare1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Flame wounding or applying leaf extract or solutions of sucrose or ATP to slightly wounded lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves induced the secretion of extrafloral nectar”
Claim · model-written summary
Solutions of sucrose induced extrafloral nectar secretion in slightly wounded lima bean leaves.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- solutions of sucrosee1
- Outcome
- secretion of extrafloral nectare1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Flame wounding or applying leaf extract or solutions of sucrose or ATP to slightly wounded lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves induced the secretion of extrafloral nectar”
Claim · model-written summary
ATP induced extrafloral nectar secretion in slightly wounded lima bean leaves.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- ATPe1
- Outcome
- secretion of extrafloral nectare1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Flame wounding or applying leaf extract or solutions of sucrose or ATP to slightly wounded lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves induced the secretion of extrafloral nectar”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose, fructose, salt and sorbitol did not elicit a detectable extrafloral nectar response in lima bean.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse1
- Treatment
- glucose, fructose, salt, and sorbitole2
- Outcome
- detectable responsee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Flame wounding or applying leaf extract or solutions of sucrose or ATP to slightly wounded lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves induced the secretion of extrafloral nectar”
e2“Chemically related molecules that would not be released in high concentrations from damaged plant cells (glucose, fructose, salt, and sorbitol) did not elicit a detectable response”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments that induced extrafloral nectar secretion also enhanced endogenous jasmonic acid concentrations in lima bean.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse1
- Treatment
- Treatments inducing extrafloral nectar secretione3
- Outcome
- endogenous concentrations of the defense hormone jasmonic acide3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Flame wounding or applying leaf extract or solutions of sucrose or ATP to slightly wounded lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves induced the secretion of extrafloral nectar”
e3“Treatments inducing extrafloral nectar secretion also enhanced endogenous concentrations of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical damage induced endogenous JA in lima bean leaves.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- mechanically damaging leavese4
- Outcome
- Endogenous JAe4
- Direction
- inducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Endogenous JA was also induced by mechanically damaging leaves of lima bean, Arabidopsis, maize, strawberry, sesame and tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical damage induced endogenous JA in Arabidopsis leaves.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise4 - Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- mechanically damaging leavese4
- Outcome
- Endogenous JAe4
- Direction
- inducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Endogenous JA was also induced by mechanically damaging leaves of lima bean, Arabidopsis, maize, strawberry, sesame and tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical damage induced endogenous JA in maize leaves.
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- mechanically damaging leavese4
- Outcome
- Endogenous JAe4
- Direction
- inducede4
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Endogenous JA was also induced by mechanically damaging leaves of lima bean, Arabidopsis, maize, strawberry, sesame and tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical damage induced endogenous JA in strawberry leaves.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae4 - Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- mechanically damaging leavese4
- Outcome
- Endogenous JAe4
- Direction
- inducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e4“Endogenous JA was also induced by mechanically damaging leaves of lima bean, Arabidopsis, maize, strawberry, sesame and tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical damage induced endogenous JA in sesame leaves.
- Taxon
- sesame
Sesamum indicume4 - Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- mechanically damaging leavese4
- Outcome
- Endogenous JAe4
- Direction
- inducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Endogenous JA was also induced by mechanically damaging leaves of lima bean, Arabidopsis, maize, strawberry, sesame and tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical damage induced endogenous JA in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume4 - Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- mechanically damaging leavese4
- Outcome
- Endogenous JAe4
- Direction
- inducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Endogenous JA was also induced by mechanically damaging leaves of lima bean, Arabidopsis, maize, strawberry, sesame and tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of leaf extract further increased endogenous JA content in lima bean, tomato and sesame.
- Taxon
- lima bean, tomato and sesamePhaseolus lunatusSolanum lycopersicumSesamum indicume5
- Treatment
- the application of leaf extracte5
- Outcome
- endogenous JA contente5
- Direction
- further increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In lima bean, tomato and sesame, the application of leaf extract further increased endogenous JA content”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomic patterns of lima bean in response to flame wounding, leaf extract or JA were highly similar to each other.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse6
- Treatment
- flame wounding or the application of leaf extract or JAe6
- Outcome
- Transcriptomic patternse6
- Direction
- highly similare6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Transcriptomic patterns obtained with untargeted 454 pyrosequencing of lima bean in response to flame wounding or the application of leaf extract or JA were highly similar to each other”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomic patterns of lima bean in response to flame wounding, leaf extract or JA differed from the response to mere mechanical damage.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse6
- Treatment
- flame wounding or the application of leaf extract or JAe6
- Outcome
- Transcriptomic patternse6
- Direction
- differede7
- Comparator
- mere mechanical damagee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Transcriptomic patterns obtained with untargeted 454 pyrosequencing of lima bean in response to flame wounding or the application of leaf extract or JA were highly similar to each other”
e7“but differed from the response to mere mechanical damage”
Claim · model-written summary
The amount or concentration of damaged-self signals can quantitatively determine the intensity of the wound response in plants.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- amount or concentration of damaged-self signalse7
- Outcome
- intensity of the wound responsee7
Verbatim
e0“Damaged-self recognition occurs when plants perceive molecular signals of damage”
e7“We conclude that the amount or concentration of damaged-self signals can quantitatively determine the intensity of the wound response”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · physiology: hormones · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.