Abstract
ABSTRACT A high‐tannin sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content was used to study the effects of germination on its ethanol fermentation performance in a laboratory dry‐grind process. High‐tannin sorghum sample was germinated for 3 and 4 days. Original and germinated samples were analyzed for tannin, starch, protein, free amino nitrogen (FAN), and glucose content. Endosperm structures and flour pasting properties of germinated and nongerminated sorghum samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and rapid visco analyzer (RVA). Germination reduced tannin content from 3.96% to negligible levels. The free fermentable sugars (glucose, maltose, and maltotriose) in the germinated samples were significantly higher than those in the nongerminated control. Judged by the starch (starch plus dextrin) and free amino nitrogen contents in the mashed samples, germination improved degree of hydrolysis for starch by 13–20% and for protein by 5‐ to 10‐fold during mashing. Germination significantly shortened the required fermentation time for ethanol production by 24–36 hr, increased ethanol fermentation efficiency by 2.6–4.0%, and reduced the residual starch content in the distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) compared to the nongerminated control. Ethanol yield for the 3‐day germinated samples was 2.75 gallons/bushel, which was 3.1% higher than the 2.67 gallons for the nongerminated control. Ethanol yield for the 4‐day germinated sorghum was 2.63 gallons/bushel due to excessive loss of starch during germination.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Germination reduced sorghum tannin content from 3.96% to negligible levels.
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e2“Germination reduced tannin content from 3.96% to negligible levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Free fermentable sugars were significantly higher in germinated sorghum samples than in the nongerminated control.
- Treatment
- germinated samplese3
- Outcome
- free fermentable sugarse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- nongerminated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e3“The free fermentable sugars (glucose, maltose, and maltotriose) in the germinated samples were significantly higher than those in the nongerminated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination improved the degree of hydrolysis for starch by 13–20% in sorghum mashing.
- Treatment
- Germinatione4
- Outcome
- degree of hydrolysise4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 13–20%e4
- Qualifier
- for starche4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e4“germination improved degree of hydrolysis for starch by 13–20% and for protein by 5‐ to 10‐fold during mashing”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination improved the degree of hydrolysis for protein by 5‐ to 10‐fold in sorghum mashing.
- Treatment
- Germinatione4
- Outcome
- degree of hydrolysise4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 5‐ to 10‐folde4
- Qualifier
- for proteine4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e4“germination improved degree of hydrolysis for starch by 13–20% and for protein by 5‐ to 10‐fold during mashing”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination shortened the required fermentation time by 24–36 hr.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e5“Germination significantly shortened the required fermentation time for ethanol production by 24–36 hr”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased ethanol fermentation efficiency by 2.6–4.0%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e5“Germination significantly shortened the required fermentation time for ethanol production by 24–36 hr”
e6“increased ethanol fermentation efficiency by 2.6–4.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination reduced the residual starch content in the distillers dried grain with solubles compared with the nongerminated control.
- Treatment
- Germinatione5
- Outcome
- residual starch content in the distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS)e7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- nongerminated controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e5“Germination significantly shortened the required fermentation time for ethanol production by 24–36 hr”
e7“reduced the residual starch content in the distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) compared to the nongerminated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol yield of the 3-day germinated samples was 2.75 gallons/bushel.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e0“Ethanol yield for the 3‐day germinated samples was 2.75 gallons/bushel, which was 3.1% higher than the 2.67 gallons for the nongerminated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol yield of the 3-day germinated samples was 3.1% higher than that of the nongerminated control.
- Treatment
- germinated samplese0
- Outcome
- Ethanol yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.1%e0
- Comparator
- nongerminated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e0“Ethanol yield for the 3‐day germinated samples was 2.75 gallons/bushel, which was 3.1% higher than the 2.67 gallons for the nongerminated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol yield of the 4-day germinated sorghum was 2.63 gallons/bushel, due to excessive loss of starch during germination.
- Treatment
- germinated sorghume0
- Outcome
- Ethanol yielde0
- Value
- 2.63 gallons/bushele0
- Qualifier
- excessive loss of starch during germinatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content”
e0“Ethanol yield for the 4‐day germinated sorghum was 2.63 gallons/bushel due to excessive loss of starch during germination”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: sugar starch · SorghumPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →processing · quality: phytochemicals · SorghumPositive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →processing · molecular: metabolites · SorghumPositive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →stage · yield · SorghumPositive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.