Abstract
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a warm-season annual. Kenaf fibers are commonly used for paper pulp and cordage, but it is also a promising lignocellulosic feedstock for bioenergy production, although optimum plant density for biomass production has not been determined for the northern region of the USA. The objective of this study was to determine the best plant density and row spacing of kenaf to maximize biomass yield and chemical composition for biofuel conversion. The experiments were conducted at Fargo and Prosper, ND, in 2010 and 2011. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement where the main plot was tworowspacings (30 and60 cm) and the sub-plot fourplant densities (32, 16, 8, and 4 plants·m-2). Row spacing had a significant effect on both biomass and biofuel yield. Narrower rows had higher biomass and biofuel yield. Maximum biomass and estimated biofuel yield was obtained with the two highest plant densities of 16 and 32 plants·m-2 and fluctuated between 9.45 and 10.22 Mg·ha-1 and 1354 and1464 L·ha-1, respectively. Stem diameter increased with a decrease in plant density. Chemical composition varied with plant density; glucan (27%) and xylan (9.8%) content were lower at the lowest plant density. Ash content was not different among plant densities but it is interesting to mention the very low ash content of kenaf (0.15%). According to the results of this study, it is recommended to plant kenaf at 30-cm rows with a plant density of 16 to 32 plants·m-2 to maximize biomass yield. Kenaf has a tremendous potential as a cellulosic feedstock for biofuel and green chemicals in the Northern Great Plains because of high biomass yield and low ash content.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Row spacing significantly affected kenaf biomass and biofuel yield.
- Taxon
- Kenaf
Hibiscus cannabinust0 - Treatment
- Row spacinge0
- Outcome
- biomass and biofuel yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Row spacing had a significant effect on both biomass and biofuel yield.”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrower rows had higher kenaf biomass and biofuel yield.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinust0
- Treatment
- Narrower rowse0
- Outcome
- biomass and biofuel yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Narrower rows had higher biomass and biofuel yield.”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest kenaf densities produced maximum biomass yield of 9.45 to 10.22 Mg·ha-1.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinust0
- Treatment
- 16 and 32 plants·m-2e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 9.45 and 10.22 Mg·ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum biomass and estimated biofuel yield was obtained with the two highest plant densities of 16 and 32 plants·m-2 and fluctuated between 9.45 and 10.22 Mg·ha-1 and 1354 and1464 L·ha-1, respectively.”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest kenaf densities produced maximum estimated biofuel yield of 1354 to 1464 L·ha-1.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinust0
- Treatment
- 16 and 32 plants·m-2e0
- Outcome
- estimated biofuel yielde0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 1354 and1464 L·ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum biomass and estimated biofuel yield was obtained with the two highest plant densities of 16 and 32 plants·m-2 and fluctuated between 9.45 and 10.22 Mg·ha-1 and 1354 and1464 L·ha-1, respectively.”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem diameter increased as kenaf density fell.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinust0
- Treatment
- decrease in plant densitye0
- Outcome
- Stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem diameter increased with a decrease in plant density.”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Kenaf glucan content was lower at the lowest density, at 27%.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinust0
- Treatment
- lowest plant densitye0
- Outcome
- glucane0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glucan (27%) and xylan (9.8%) content were lower at the lowest plant density.”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Kenaf xylan content was lower at the lowest density, at 9.8%.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinust0
- Treatment
- lowest plant densitye0
- Outcome
- xylane0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 9.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glucan (27%) and xylan (9.8%) content were lower at the lowest plant density.”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Kenaf ash content did not differ among plant densities.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinust0
- Treatment
- plant densitiese0
- Outcome
- Ash contente0
- Direction
- not differente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ash content was not different among plant densities”
t0“Kenaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Kenaf ash content was 0.15%.
- Taxon
- kenafHibiscus cannabinuse0
- Outcome
- ash contente0
- Direction
- very lowe0
- Value
- 0.15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“very low ash content of kenaf (0.15%).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 30-cm rows and 16 to 32 plants·m-2 for maximum kenaf biomass.
- Taxon
- kenafHibiscus cannabinuse0
- Outcome
- plant kenaf at 30-cm rows with a plant density of 16 to 32 plants·m-2e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is recommended to plant kenaf at 30-cm rows with a plant density of 16 to 32 plants·m-2 to maximize biomass yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded kenaf has potential as a cellulosic feedstock in the Northern Great Plains.
- Taxon
- KenafHibiscus cannabinuse0
- Outcome
- potential as a cellulosic feedstock for biofuel and green chemicalse0
- Setting
- Northern Great Plainse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kenaf has a tremendous potential as a cellulosic feedstock for biofuel and green chemicals in the Northern Great Plains because of high biomass yield and low ash content.”
The same questions in other papers
density · molecular: metabolites · Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
density · quality: grain · Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.