Abstract
ABSTRACT Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand at variable levels of zinc ranging from acute deficiency to excess (0.00065 to 65 mg L−1). Both low (<0.065 mg L−1) and high (>0.065 mg L−1) zinc depressed the growth of sunflower. Foliar symptoms of zinc deficiency appeared on mature middle and old leaves of plants at 0.00065 and 0.0065 mg Zn L−1 as interveinal chlorosis and fading of green color from margins and apices. Later, leaf apices of the affected leaves turned necrotic and dry. Biomass, capitulum size, seed number, seed weight, concentration of chlorophylls a and b, and soluble proteins were maximum at 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate), and were lowered significantly in both deficiency and excess of zinc. The effect of excess zinc (65 mg Zn L−1) on these parameters was more pronounced. An increase in zinc from low (0.00065 mg L−1) to high (65 mg Zn L−1) increased the activity of carbonic anhydrase (up to 6.5 mg Zn L−1) and decreased that of acid phosphatase in sunflower leaves. Zinc deficiency lowered the concentration of zinc and increased that of phosphorus in leaves. In sunflower seeds, the oil content was highest (23.4%) at 0.65 mg Zn L−1 and was reduced more by Zn excess than deficiency. In leaves, tissue Zn concentrations associated with deficiency, threshold of deficiency, threshold of toxicity and toxicity were 20, 30, 190, and 240 μg g−1 on a dry matter basis, respectively.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Both low and high zinc supply depressed sunflower growth relative to adequate zinc (0.065 mg Zn L−1).
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Treatment
- low (<0.065 mg L−1) and high (>0.065 mg L−1) zince1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- depressede1
- Comparator
- 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate)e2
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“Both low (<0.065 mg L−1) and high (>0.065 mg L−1) zinc depressed the growth of sunflower”
e2“Biomass, capitulum size, seed number, seed weight, concentration of chlorophylls a and b, and soluble proteins were maximum at 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate), and were lowered significantly in both deficiency and excess of zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc deficiency symptoms appeared on mature middle and old leaves of sunflower at 0.00065 and 0.0065 mg Zn L−1.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- mature middle and old leavese1
- Treatment
- 0.00065 and 0.0065 mg Zn L−1e1
- Outcome
- Foliar symptoms of zinc deficiencye1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“Foliar symptoms of zinc deficiency appeared on mature middle and old leaves of plants at 0.00065 and 0.0065 mg Zn L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass, capitulum size and seed number were lowered significantly in both zinc deficiency and excess relative to adequate zinc.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Treatment
- deficiency and excess of zince2
- Outcome
- Biomass, capitulum size, seed numbere2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Comparator
- 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate)e2
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e2“Biomass, capitulum size, seed number, seed weight, concentration of chlorophylls a and b, and soluble proteins were maximum at 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate), and were lowered significantly in both deficiency and excess of zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed weight was lowered significantly in both zinc deficiency and excess relative to adequate zinc.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Treatment
- deficiency and excess of zince2
- Outcome
- seed weighte2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Comparator
- 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate)e2
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e2“Biomass, capitulum size, seed number, seed weight, concentration of chlorophylls a and b, and soluble proteins were maximum at 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate), and were lowered significantly in both deficiency and excess of zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a and b concentration and soluble protein were lowered significantly in both zinc deficiency and excess relative to adequate zinc.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Treatment
- deficiency and excess of zince2
- Outcome
- concentration of chlorophylls a and b, and soluble proteinse2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Comparator
- 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate)e2
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e2“Biomass, capitulum size, seed number, seed weight, concentration of chlorophylls a and b, and soluble proteins were maximum at 0.065 mg Zn L−1 (adequate), and were lowered significantly in both deficiency and excess of zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increase from low to high increased carbonic anhydrase activity in sunflower leaves, up to 6.5 mg Zn L−1.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- zinc from low (0.00065 mg L−1) to high (65 mg Zn L−1)e1
- Gene
- carbonic anhydrasee1
- Outcome
- activity of carbonic anhydrasee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- up to 6.5 mg Zn L−1e1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“An increase in zinc from low (0.00065 mg L−1) to high (65 mg Zn L−1) increased the activity of carbonic anhydrase (up to 6.5 mg Zn L−1) and decreased that of acid phosphatase in sunflower leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increase from low to high decreased acid phosphatase activity in sunflower leaves.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- zinc from low (0.00065 mg L−1) to high (65 mg Zn L−1)e1
- Gene
- acid phosphatasee1
- Outcome
- acid phosphatasee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“An increase in zinc from low (0.00065 mg L−1) to high (65 mg Zn L−1) increased the activity of carbonic anhydrase (up to 6.5 mg Zn L−1) and decreased that of acid phosphatase in sunflower leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc deficiency lowered the zinc concentration in sunflower leaves.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Zinc deficiencye1
- Outcome
- concentration of zince1
- Direction
- lowerede1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“Zinc deficiency lowered the concentration of zinc and increased that of phosphorus in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc deficiency increased the phosphorus concentration in sunflower leaves.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Zinc deficiencye1
- Outcome
- phosphoruse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“Zinc deficiency lowered the concentration of zinc and increased that of phosphorus in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed oil content of sunflower was highest (23.4%) at 0.65 mg Zn L−1.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- 0.65 mg Zn L−1e1
- Outcome
- oil contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 23.4%e1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“In sunflower seeds, the oil content was highest (23.4%) at 0.65 mg Zn L−1 and was reduced more by Zn excess than deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc excess reduced seed oil content of sunflower more than zinc deficiency did.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- Zn excesse1
- Outcome
- oil contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- deficiencye1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“In sunflower seeds, the oil content was highest (23.4%) at 0.65 mg Zn L−1 and was reduced more by Zn excess than deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue zinc concentration associated with deficiency in sunflower leaves was 20 μg g−1 dry matter.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- tissue Zn concentrations associated with deficiencye1
- Value
- 20e1
- Qualifier
- μg g−1 on a dry matter basise1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“In leaves, tissue Zn concentrations associated with deficiency, threshold of deficiency, threshold of toxicity and toxicity were 20, 30, 190, and 240 μg g−1 on a dry matter basis, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold of zinc deficiency in sunflower leaves was 30 μg g−1 dry matter.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- threshold of deficiencye1
- Value
- 30e1
- Qualifier
- μg g−1 on a dry matter basise1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“In leaves, tissue Zn concentrations associated with deficiency, threshold of deficiency, threshold of toxicity and toxicity were 20, 30, 190, and 240 μg g−1 on a dry matter basis, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold of zinc toxicity in sunflower leaves was 190 μg g−1 dry matter.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- threshold of toxicitye1
- Value
- 190e1
- Qualifier
- μg g−1 on a dry matter basise1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“In leaves, tissue Zn concentrations associated with deficiency, threshold of deficiency, threshold of toxicity and toxicity were 20, 30, 190, and 240 μg g−1 on a dry matter basis, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc toxicity in sunflower leaves was reached at 240 μg g−1 dry matter.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Jwala Mukhie0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- toxicitye1
- Value
- 240e1
- Qualifier
- μg g−1 on a dry matter basise1
- Setting
- refined sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Jwala Mukhi was grown until maturity in refined sand”
e1“In leaves, tissue Zn concentrations associated with deficiency, threshold of deficiency, threshold of toxicity and toxicity were 20, 30, 190, and 240 μg g−1 on a dry matter basis, respectively”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.