Abstract
Strategies for avoiding ion accumulation in leaves of plants grown at high concentration of NaCl (100 mol m(-3)) in the rooting media, i.e. retranslocation via the phloem and leaching from the leaf surface, were quantified for fully developed leaves of maize plants cultivated hydroponically with or without salt, and with or without sprinkling (to induce leaching). Phloem sap, apoplastic fluid, xylem sap, solutes from leaf and root tissues, and the leachate were analysed for carbohydrates, amino acids, malate, and inorganic ions. In spite of a reduced growth rate Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations in the leaf apoplast remained relatively low (about 4-5 mol m(-3)) under salt treatment. Concentrations of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the phloem sap of salt-treated maize did not exceed 12 and 32 mol m(-3), respectively, and thus remained lower than described for other species. However, phloem transport rates of these ions were higher than reported for other species. The relatively high translocation rate of ions found in maize may be due to the higher carbon translocation rate observed for C(4) plants as opposed to C(3) plants. Approximately 13-36% of the Na(+) and Cl(-) imported into the leaves through the xylem were exported by the phloem. It is concluded that phloem transport plays an important role in controlling the NaCl content of the leaf in maize. Surprisingly, leaching by artificial rain did not affect plant growth. Ion concentrations in the leachate were lower than reported for other plants but increased with NaCl treatment.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Salt treatment reduced maize growth rate.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In spite of a reduced growth rate Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations in the leaf apoplast remained relatively low (about 4-5 mol m(-3)) under salt treatment”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt treatment, maize leaf apoplastic Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations remained relatively low at about 4-5 mol m(-3).
- Organ / stage
- leaf apoplaste0
- Treatment
- salt treatmente0
- Outcome
- Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations in the leaf apoplaste0
- Direction
- relatively lowe0
- Value
- about 4-5 mol m(-3)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations in the leaf apoplast remained relatively low (about 4-5 mol m(-3)) under salt treatment”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Na(+) concentration in salt-treated maize phloem sap did not exceed 12 mol m(-3).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the phloem sap of salt-treated maize did not exceed 12 and 32 mol m(-3), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cl(-) concentration in salt-treated maize phloem sap did not exceed 32 mol m(-3).
- Organ / stage
- phloem sape0
- Treatment
- salt-treatede0
- Outcome
- Cl(-)e0
- Direction
- did not exceede0
- Value
- 32 mol m(-3)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the phloem sap of salt-treated maize did not exceed 12 and 32 mol m(-3), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-treated maize phloem Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations were lower than those described for other species.
- Outcome
- Concentrations of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the phloem sape0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- other speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the phloem sap of salt-treated maize did not exceed 12 and 32 mol m(-3), respectively, and thus remained lower than described for other species”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize phloem transport rates of Na(+) and Cl(-) were higher than reported for other species.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phloem transport rates of these ions were higher than reported for other species”
e1“Concentrations of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the phloem sap”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher maize ion translocation may reflect higher carbon translocation in C(4) than C(3) plants.
- Outcome
- translocation rate of ionse0
- Qualifier
- higher carbon translocation ratee0
- Comparator
- C(3) plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relatively high translocation rate of ions found in maize may be due to the higher carbon translocation rate observed for C(4) plants as opposed to C(3) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately 13-36% of Na(+) and Cl(-) imported into maize leaves through the xylem was exported by phloem.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- Na(+) and Cl(-) imported into the leaves through the xylem were exported by the phloeme0
- Value
- 13-36%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Approximately 13-36% of the Na(+) and Cl(-) imported into the leaves through the xylem were exported by the phloem”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phloem transport is concluded to control maize leaf NaCl content.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phloem transport plays an important role in controlling the NaCl content of the leaf in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificial rain leaching did not affect maize growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaching by artificial rain did not affect plant growth”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize leachate ion concentrations were lower than reported for other plants.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ion concentrations in the leachate were lower than reported for other plants”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl treatment increased ion concentrations in maize leachate.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ion concentrations in the leachate were lower than reported for other plants but increased with NaCl treatment”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
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See all 257 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.