Abstract
Abstract Sound mature kernels, broken mature kernels, immature kernels, and unshelled Early Runner peanuts were heat‐treated in controlled environment cabinets and inoculated with spores of Aspergillus flavus . Treatments were incubated at 97‐99% relative humidity at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 55C and also at 30C with relative humidities ranging from 55 to 99%. Samples were removed after 7 and 21 days and assayed for aflatoxin, free fatty acids, and peanut kernel moisture. The limiting relative humidity for aflatoxin production by A. flavus was 85ŷ1% relative humidity for 21 days at 30C. The limiting low temperature for visible growth and aflatoxin production by the fungus was 13ŷ1C for 21 days at 97‐99% relative humidity. Damaged kernels, however, developed some afllatoxin in 21 days at 12C. The maximum temperature for aflatoxin production was 41.5ŷ1.5C for 21 days at 97‐99% relative humidity. Fungus growth and sporulation at 43C were equal to that at 40C, but no aflatoxin was produced. Moisture content of immature kernels was higher at equilibrium with the same relative humidity than the moisture content of sound mature kernels, damaged kernels, or kernels from unshelled peanuts. There appeared to be no proportional quantitative correlation between synthesis of aflatoxin and production of free fatty acids in nonliving peanuts, but no aflatoxin was produced without a simultaneous increase in free fatty acids.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The limiting relative humidity for aflatoxin production by A. flavus was 85 ± 1% for 21 days at 30C.
- Taxon
- peanuts
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Interactor
- A. flavus
Aspergillus flavuse1pathogen - Outcome
- limiting relative humidity for aflatoxin productione1
- Value
- 85ŷ1% relative humiditye1
- Qualifier
- for 21 days at 30Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e1“The limiting relative humidity for aflatoxin production by A. flavus was 85ŷ1% relative humidity for 21 days at 30C”
Claim · model-written summary
The limiting low temperature for visible growth and aflatoxin production was 13 ± 1C for 21 days.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- limiting low temperature for visible growth and aflatoxin productione2
- Value
- 13ŷ1Ce2
- Qualifier
- for 21 dayse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e2“The limiting low temperature for visible growth and aflatoxin production by the fungus was 13ŷ1C for 21 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Damaged kernels developed some aflatoxin after 21 days at 12C.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- Damaged kernelse3
- Outcome
- afllatoxine3
- Qualifier
- in 21 days at 12Ce3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e3“Damaged kernels, however, developed some afllatoxin in 21 days at 12C”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum temperature for aflatoxin production was 41.5 ± 1.5C for 21 days.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- maximum temperature for aflatoxin productione4
- Value
- 41.5ŷ1.5Ce4
- Qualifier
- for 21 dayse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e4“The maximum temperature for aflatoxin production was 41.5ŷ1.5C for 21 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal growth and sporulation at 43C were equal to those at 40C.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 43Ce5
- Outcome
- Fungus growth and sporulatione5
- Direction
- equale5
- Comparator
- 40Ce5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e5“Fungus growth and sporulation at 43C were equal to that at 40C, but no aflatoxin was produced”
Claim · model-written summary
No aflatoxin was produced at 43C.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 43Ce5
- Outcome
- no aflatoxin was producede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e5“Fungus growth and sporulation at 43C were equal to that at 40C, but no aflatoxin was produced”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture content of immature kernels was higher at equilibrium with the same relative humidity than in sound mature, damaged or unshelled-peanut kernels.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- immature kernelse6
- Outcome
- moisture contente6
- Direction
- highere6
- Qualifier
- at equilibrium with the same relative humiditye6
- Comparator
- sound mature kernels, damaged kernels, or kernels from unshelled peanutse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e6“Moisture content of immature kernels was higher at equilibrium with the same relative humidity than the moisture content of sound mature kernels, damaged kernels, or kernels from unshelled peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
No proportional quantitative correlation was found between aflatoxin synthesis and free fatty acid production in nonliving peanuts.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Material
- nonliving peanutse7
- Compound
- free fatty acidse7
- Outcome
- proportional quantitative correlation between synthesis of aflatoxin and production of free fatty acidse7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e7“There appeared to be no proportional quantitative correlation between synthesis of aflatoxin and production of free fatty acids in nonliving peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin was not produced without a simultaneous increase in free fatty acids.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Compound
- free fatty acidse1
- Outcome
- aflatoxine1
- Qualifier
- without a simultaneous increasee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sterile peanuts”
e1“but no aflatoxin was produced without a simultaneous increase in free fatty acids”