Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification common in peptides and proteins synthesized by the secretory pathway in most eukaryotes. In plants, this modification is critical for the biological activities of a subset of peptide hormones such as PSK and PSY1. In animals, tyrosine sulfation is catalyzed by Golgi-localized type II transmembrane proteins called tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs). However, no orthologs of animal TPST genes have been found in plants, suggesting that plants have evolved plant-specific TPSTs structurally distinct from their animal counterparts. To investigate the mechanisms of tyrosine sulfation in plants, we purified TPST activity from microsomal fractions of Arabidopsis MM2d cells, and identified a 62-kDa protein that specifically interacts with the sulfation motif of PSY1 precursor peptide. This protein is a 500-aa type I transmembrane protein that shows no sequence similarity to animal TPSTs. A recombinant version of this protein expressed in yeast catalyzed tyrosine sulfation of both PSY1 and PSK precursor polypeptide in vitro, indicating that the newly identified protein is indeed an Arabidopsis (At)TPST. AtTPST is expressed throughout the plant body, and the highest levels of expression are in the root apical meristem. A loss-of-function mutant of AtTPST displayed a marked dwarf phenotype accompanied by stunted roots, pale green leaves, reduction in higher order veins, early senescence, and a reduced number of flowers and siliques. Our results indicate that plants and animals independently acquired tyrosine sulfation enzymes through convergent evolution.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
A 62-kDa protein specifically interacted with the PSY1 precursor sulfation motif.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise1 - Gene
- PSY1e0
- Outcome
- specifically interacts with the sulfation motif of PSY1 precursor peptidee0
- Value
- 62-kDae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified a 62-kDa protein that specifically interacts with the sulfation motif of PSY1 precursor peptide”
e1“Arabidopsis MM2d cells”
Claim · model-written summary
The identified protein was a 500-aa type I transmembrane protein without sequence similarity to animal TPSTs.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Outcome
- type I transmembrane protein that shows no sequence similarity to animal TPSTse0
- Value
- 500-aae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This protein is a 500-aa type I transmembrane protein that shows no sequence similarity to animal TPSTs”
e1“Arabidopsis MM2d cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Recombinant Arabidopsis TPST catalyzed sulfation of PSY1 and PSK precursor polypeptides in vitro.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- Arabidopsis (At)TPSTe1
- Outcome
- tyrosine sulfation of both PSY1 and PSK precursor polypeptidee0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A recombinant version of this protein expressed in yeast catalyzed tyrosine sulfation of both PSY1 and PSK precursor polypeptide in vitro”
e1“Arabidopsis (At)TPST”
Claim · model-written summary
AtTPST expression was highest in the root apical meristem while occurring throughout the plant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Organ / stage
- root apical meristeme0
- Gene
- AtTPSTe0
- Outcome
- levels of expressione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtTPST is expressed throughout the plant body, and the highest levels of expression are in the root apical meristem”
e1“Arabidopsis (At)TPST”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of AtTPST produced dwarfism, stunted roots, and pale green leaves.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- loss-of-function mutant of AtTPSTe0
- Gene
- AtTPSTe0
- Outcome
- marked dwarf phenotype accompanied by stunted roots, pale green leavese0
- Direction
- stuntede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A loss-of-function mutant of AtTPST displayed a marked dwarf phenotype accompanied by stunted roots, pale green leaves”
e1“Arabidopsis (At)TPST”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of AtTPST reduced higher order veins and flower and silique numbers and caused early senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- loss-of-function mutant of AtTPSTe0
- Gene
- AtTPSTe0
- Outcome
- reduction in higher order veins, early senescence, and a reduced number of flowers and siliquese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A loss-of-function mutant of AtTPST displayed a marked dwarf phenotype accompanied by stunted roots, pale green leaves, reduction in higher order veins, early senescence, and a reduced number of flowers and siliques”
e1“Arabidopsis (At)TPST”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer independent acquisition of tyrosine sulfation enzymes in plants and animals.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- independently acquired tyrosine sulfation enzymese0
- Qualifier
- through convergent evolutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants and animals independently acquired tyrosine sulfation enzymes through convergent evolution”
t0“Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · quality: postharvest · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
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