Abstract
Abstract Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D.C.) has been utilized by mankind for over 2,000 years. This high protein, large‐seed legume is tolerant of unfavorable soil conditions, drought and adverse climate. However, growth and yield within the neotropical regions are influenced by soil productivity. The objective of this study was to determine effects of soil fertility treatments on growth, seed (bean) yields, nodulation, nitrogenase activity, and distinctive seed and nodule components unique to this legume. Plant growth, seed yields and nodulation were significantly influenced with soil fertility treatments. P was the limiting factor for top growth as no increase was attained from K or Ca without P additions. Mature seed yields were correlated with both top growth, (r = 0.67) and nodulation (r = 0.58). However, nodulation increases with P treatments occurred only when combined with K. Highly significant increased nitrogenase activity resulted from increased K additions with P + Ca combinations. Multiple regression for nitrogenase activity = 1.56g top growth + 3.93g nodule + 5.21g seed, R2 = 0.81 and C.V. = 12.5%. Multiple regression with nodule cytosol composition was nitrogenase activity = 4.40μg P + 8.42μg K + 2.98μg Ca ‐ 2.41μg Na, R2 = 0.78 and C.V. = 13.3%. Ontogenetic metastasis of mature seed content occurred from 104 day‐age to 149 day‐age after germination with canavanine quadratically increasing from 6.08 mg to 32.8 mg g"1 seed, Concanavalin A increased from 5.05 mg to 44.0 mg g‐1 seed and urease linearly increased from 97.0 IU to 215.8 IU g‐1 seed. Nodule histology closely reflected transformations and cytology of lipid components and ureides of nodule cytosol, and the vacuolation of rhizoidal engorged, nitrogenase active cells.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fertility treatments significantly influenced jack bean growth, seed yield, and nodulation.
- Taxon
- Jack bean
Canavalia ensiformist0 - Treatment
- soil fertility treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Plant growth, seed yields and nodulatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth, seed yields and nodulation were significantly influenced with soil fertility treatments.”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus limited jack bean top growth: potassium or calcium without phosphorus did not increase it.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Treatment
- P additionse0
- Outcome
- top growthe0
- Direction
- no increasee0
- Comparator
- K or Ca without P additionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P was the limiting factor for top growth as no increase was attained from K or Ca without P additions.”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature jack bean seed yield correlated with top growth at r = 0.67.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Organ / stage
- top growthe0
- Outcome
- Mature seed yieldse0
- Value
- r = 0.67e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mature seed yields were correlated with both top growth, (r = 0.67) and nodulation (r = 0.58).”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature jack bean seed yield correlated with nodulation at r = 0.58.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Organ / stage
- nodulatione0
- Outcome
- Mature seed yieldse0
- Value
- r = 0.58e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mature seed yields were correlated with both top growth, (r = 0.67) and nodulation (r = 0.58).”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus increased jack bean nodulation only when combined with potassium.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Treatment
- P treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- only when combined with Ke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nodulation increases with P treatments occurred only when combined with K.”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased potassium with phosphorus and calcium significantly increased jack bean nitrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Treatment
- increased K additions with P + Ca combinationse0
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highly significant increased nitrogenase activity resulted from increased K additions with P + Ca combinations.”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
A regression using top growth, nodule mass, and seed mass explained nitrogenase activity with R2 = 0.81.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Organ / stage
- top growthe0
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
- Value
- R2 = 0.81e0
- Qualifier
- C.V. = 12.5%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multiple regression for nitrogenase activity = 1.56g top growth + 3.93g nodule + 5.21g seed, R2 = 0.81 and C.V. = 12.5%.”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
A regression using nodule cytosol composition explained nitrogenase activity with R2 = 0.78.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Organ / stage
- nodule cytosole0
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
- Value
- R2 = 0.78e0
- Qualifier
- C.V. = 13.3%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multiple regression with nodule cytosol composition was nitrogenase activity = 4.40μg P + 8.42μg K + 2.98μg Ca ‐ 2.41μg Na, R2 = 0.78 and C.V. = 13.3%.”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Jack bean seed canavanine increased from 6.08 mg to 32.8 mg g"1 seed between 104 and 149 days.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Outcome
- canavaninee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 6.08 mg to 32.8 mg g"1 seede0
- Qualifier
- 104 day‐age to 149 day‐age after germinatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“canavanine quadratically increasing from 6.08 mg to 32.8 mg g"1 seed”
e1“104 day‐age to 149 day‐age after germination”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Jack bean seed Concanavalin A increased from 5.05 to 44.0 mg g‐1 seed.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Outcome
- Concanavalin Ae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.05 mg to 44.0 mg g‐1 seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concanavalin A increased from 5.05 mg to 44.0 mg g‐1 seed”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Jack bean seed urease increased from 97.0 to 215.8 IU g‐1 seed.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 97.0 IU to 215.8 IU g‐1 seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“urease linearly increased from 97.0 IU to 215.8 IU g‐1 seed”
t0“Jack bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Jack bean nodule histology reflected changes in cytosol lipids and ureides and vacuolation of active cells.
- Taxon
- Jack beanCanavalia ensiformist0
- Organ / stage
- Nodulee0
- Outcome
- Nodule histologye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodule histology closely reflected transformations and cytology of lipid components and ureides of nodule cytosol, and the vacuolation of rhizoidal engorged, nitrogenase active cells.”
t0“Jack bean”