Abstract
Abstract Poor establishment of seedlings is a problem in semi‐arid cropping regions. High drying rates that are characteristic of these regions can result in the early onset of high soil strengths and high soil temperatures, which are detrimental to seedlings. In this study, we examined the response of preemergent shoot growth of maize ( Zea mays L.) to differences in the drying rate of a hardsetting red‐brown earth (fine, mixed, thermic Typic Paleustalf or Calcic Luvisol). We examined the impact of high soil strength on the constituent shoot parts (coleoptile and first internode), and used a temperature‐based shoot‐growth model to separate the effects of soil temperature and soil strength on preemergent shoot growth. Preemergent shoot growth was sensitive to small differences in drying rate. Rapid drying resulted in no emergence, moderate drying in 52% emergence, and slow drying in 78% emergence. Soil strength impeded shoot elongation at a cone index of 1.1 MPa and, at 2 MPa, growth and emergence ceased. Differences in soil strength development reflected not just the total amount of water removed from the profile, but also the distribution of water remaining within the profile. Rapid drying quickly reduced soil water content near the surface and led to the immediate development of high soil strength there. Reduction in shoot elongation at high soil strengths was largely due to the sensitivity of the first internode. The coleoptile elongation rate showed no response to treatment differences in soil strength although twisting, buckling, and rupture was more prevalent at high soil strengths.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Maize preemergent shoot growth was sensitive to small drying-rate differences.
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preemergent shoot growth was sensitive to small differences in drying rate”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid drying prevented maize emergence.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rapid drying resulted in no emergence”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate drying produced 52% maize emergence.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate drying in 52% emergence”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Slow drying produced 78% maize emergence.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slow drying in 78% emergence”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil strength impeded maize shoot elongation at a cone index of 1.1 MPa.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil strength impeded shoot elongation at a cone index of 1.1 MPa”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2 MPa soil strength, maize growth and emergence ceased.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 2 MPa, growth and emergence ceased”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil strength development reflected both water removal and remaining-water distribution.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in soil strength development reflected not just the total amount of water removed from the profile, but also the distribution of water remaining within the profile”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid drying quickly reduced surface soil water and immediately produced high strength there.
- Treatment
- Rapid dryinge0
- Outcome
- high soil strengthe0
- Qualifier
- reduced soil water content near the surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rapid drying quickly reduced soil water content near the surface and led to the immediate development of high soil strength there”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
First-internode sensitivity largely accounted for reduced maize shoot elongation at high soil strength.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in shoot elongation at high soil strengths was largely due to the sensitivity of the first internode”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Coleoptile elongation rate showed no response to soil-strength treatment differences.
- Treatment
- treatment differences in soil strengthe0
- Outcome
- coleoptile elongation ratee0
- Direction
- no responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coleoptile elongation rate showed no response to treatment differences in soil strength”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Coleoptile twisting, buckling, and rupture were more prevalent at high soil strength.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“twisting, buckling, and rupture was more prevalent at high soil strengths”
t0“Maize”
The same questions in other papers
processing · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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