Abstract
Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil moisture, simulated rainfall and time of day of spray application on the efficacy of glufosinate‐ammonium in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Samson’) and green foxtail ( Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) plants. Environmental variables examined were three soil moisture levels (18% moisture, 50% moisture and saturated), three intensities of simulated rainfall following spray application [drizzle (4 mm), moderate (9 mm) and heavy (22 mm)] and two times of spray application (begin ning and end of a 16‐h photoperiod). The efficacy of 100 g ha −1 glufosinate‐ammonium on barley was greatest at 18% soil moisture when measured by both ammonia and dry weight accumulation in the shoots. At the same dose green foxtail showed less ammonia accumula tion at 18% soil moisture than under other soil moisture levels, but showed no significant differences in dry weight accumulation 14 days after treatment (DAT). Simulated rainfall shortly after spraying reduced the efficacy of glufosinate‐ammonium on both species. At the field dose of 800 g ha −1 , a rain‐free period of 1–8 h was necessary for barley, while a period of less than 20 min was necessary for green foxtail to obtain herbicidal activity comparable with that of treated plants which received no rain. Based on dry weight accumulation, barley plants were equally sensitive and green foxtail plants were significantly more susceptible when glufosinate‐ammonium was applied at the end compared to the beginning of the photoperiod. Both species accumulated significantly more ammonia in the shoots during the initial 24 h following application if sprayed at the end of the photoperiod. Of the environmental factors examined in this study, rainfall after spray application caused the greatest reduction of glufosinate‐ammonium efficacy. Influence de I'humiditt du sol, de la pluie artificielle et de I'époque d'application sur I'effi cacité du glufosinate‐ammonium Des essais de laboratoire ont été conduits pour déterminer les effets de Phumidité du sol, de la pluie et de I'époque d'application sur 1'efficacité de glufosinate‐ammonium sur 1'orge ( Hordeum vulgare L. c.v. ‘Samson’) et la sétaire ( Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). Les variables environne mentales examinées étaient 3 taux d'humidité du sol (18%, 50% et saturation), 3 intensités de pluie artificielle suivant ('application (faible—4 mm; modéré 9 mm; et forte 22 mm) et 2 époques d'application (début et fin d'une photopériode de 16 h). L'efficacite de 100 g ha −1 de glufosinate‐ammonium sur orge était maximale a 18% d'humidité du sol, mesurée à la fois par I'accumulation d'azote et de matiére séche dans les tiges. A la même dose, la sétaire exprime une moins grande accumulation d'azote à 18% d'humidité du sol qu'aux autres taux d'humidité mais ne montre pas de différences dans I'accumulation de matière sèche 14 jours après le traitement (JAT). Une pluie artificielle suivant de près la pulvérisation réduit 1'eficacité du glufosinate‐ammonium sur les deux espèces. A la dose d'utilisation de 800 g ha −1 , une période sans pluie de 1 à 8 heures est nécessaire pour l'orge, tandis que moins de 20 minutes sont nécessaires pour le sétaire pour obtenir une activité herbicide comparable à celle observée avec des plantes traitées sans pluie. En se fondant sur l'accumulation de matière sèche, les plantes d'orge étaient également sensibles, et les sétaires étaient significativement plus sensibles quand le glufosinate‐ammonium était appliquéà la fin plutêt qu'au début de la photopériode. Les 2 espèces accumulent significativement plus d'azote dans les tiges pendant les 24 premières heures suivant l'application quand elle a lieu en fin de photopériode. Des facteurs environnementaux examinés dans cette étude, la pluie après la pulvérisation cause la plus grande réduction d'efficacité glufosinate‐ammonium. Einfluβ von Bodenfeuchte, simuliertem Niederschlag und Applikationszeitpunkt auf die Wirksamkeit von Glufosinat‐ammonium In Laborversuchen wurde der Einfluß von Bodenfeuchte, simuliertem Niederschlag und Applikationszeitpunkt auf die Wirksamkeit von Glufosinat‐ammonium auf die Gersten‐Sorte ‘Samson’ ( Hordeum vulgäre L.) und Grüne Borstenhirse ( Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) untersucht. Als Umweltvariablen wurden 3 Bodenfeuchtegrade (18%, 50% und gesättigt), 3 Niederschlagsintensitäten [Niesei (4 mm), mäßig (9 mm) und stark (22 mm)] nach der Behandlung und 2 Applikationszeitpunkte (Beginn und Ende einer 16‐h‐Photoperiode) eingesetzt. Die Wirkung von 100 g ha −1 Glufosinat‐ammonium auf die Gerste war bei 18% Bodenfeuchte sowohl hinsichtlich des Ammoniumgehalts als auch der Trockenmasse des Sprosses am größten. Bei derselben Dosis hatte die Grüne Borstenhirse einen geringeren Ammoniumgehalt bei 18% Bodenfeuchte als bei anderen Feuchtegraden, zeigte jedoch 14 Tage nach der Behandlung keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Trockenmasse. Niederschlag kurz nach der Behandlung verminderte die Wirksamkeit bei beiden Arten. Bei der Felddosis von 800 g ha −1 war eine niederschlagsfreie Periode von 8 Stunden notwendig, bei der Grünen Borstenhirse jedoch weniger als 20 Minuten, um dieselbe Wirkung zu erreichen wie bei Pflanzen, die ohne Regen geblieben waren. Hinsichtlich der Trockenmassebildung waren Gerstenpflanzen gleich empfindlich und Borstenhirsenpflanzen signifikant empfindlicher, wenn Glufosinat‐ammonium am Ende statt am Beginn der Photoperiode appliziert wurde. Beide Arten hatten in den Sprossen während der ersten 24 Stunden nach der Behandlung am Ende der Photoperiode einen signifikant höheren Ammoniumgehalt. Von den hieruntersuchten Umweltfaktoren reduzierte der Niederschlag nach der Behandlung die Wirkung von Glufosinat‐ammonium am meisten.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g ha −1, glufosinate efficacy on barley was greatest at 18% soil moisture by shoot ammonia accumulation.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- 100 g ha −1 glufosinate‐ammoniume0
- Outcome
- ammoniae0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- 18% soil moisturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The efficacy of 100 g ha −1 glufosinate‐ammonium on barley was greatest at 18% soil moisture when measured by both ammonia and dry weight accumulation in the shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g ha −1, glufosinate efficacy on barley was greatest at 18% soil moisture by shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- 100 g ha −1 glufosinate‐ammoniume0
- Outcome
- dry weight accumulatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- 18% soil moisturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacy of 100 g ha −1 glufosinate‐ammonium on barley was greatest at 18% soil moisture when measured by both ammonia and dry weight accumulation in the shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green foxtail accumulated less ammonia at 18% soil moisture than at other moisture levels at the same herbicide dose.
Verbatim
e0“At the same dose green foxtail showed less ammonia accumula tion at 18% soil moisture than under other soil moisture levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Green foxtail showed no significant dry weight difference among soil moisture levels 14 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- green foxtaile0
- Treatment
- soil moisture levelse0
- Outcome
- dry weight accumulatione0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Qualifier
- 14 days after treatment (DAT)e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At the same dose green foxtail showed less ammonia accumula tion at 18% soil moisture than under other soil moisture levels, but showed no significant differences in dry weight accumulation 14 days after treatment (DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain shortly after spraying reduced glufosinate efficacy on barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Simulated rainfall shortly after sprayinge0
- Outcome
- efficacy of glufosinate‐ammoniume0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Simulated rainfall shortly after spraying reduced the efficacy of glufosinate‐ammonium on both species.”
t0“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Samson’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain shortly after spraying reduced glufosinate efficacy on green foxtail.
- Taxon
- green foxtailt0
- Treatment
- Simulated rainfall shortly after sprayinge0
- Outcome
- efficacy of glufosinate‐ammoniume0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Simulated rainfall shortly after spraying reduced the efficacy of glufosinate‐ammonium on both species.”
t0“green foxtail ( Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 800 g ha −1, barley needed 1–8 h without rain for herbicidal activity comparable to treated plants without rain.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- 800 g ha −1e0
- Outcome
- herbicidal activitye0
- Value
- 1–8 he0
- Comparator
- treated plants which received no raine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the field dose of 800 g ha −1 , a rain‐free period of 1–8 h was necessary for barley, while a period of less than 20 min was necessary for green foxtail to obtain herbicidal activity comparable with that of treated plants which received no rain.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 800 g ha −1, green foxtail needed less than 20 min without rain for herbicidal activity comparable to treated plants without rain.
Verbatim
e0“At the field dose of 800 g ha −1 , a rain‐free period of 1–8 h was necessary for barley, while a period of less than 20 min was necessary for green foxtail to obtain herbicidal activity comparable with that of treated plants which received no rain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley dry weight sensitivity was equal for end versus beginning of photoperiod application.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- applied at the ende0
- Outcome
- dry weight accumulatione0
- Direction
- equally sensitivee0
- Comparator
- beginning of the photoperiode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on dry weight accumulation, barley plants were equally sensitive and green foxtail plants were significantly more susceptible when glufosinate‐ammonium was applied at the end compared to the beginning of the photoperiod.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green foxtail was significantly more susceptible by dry weight when herbicide was applied at the end versus beginning of photoperiod.
Verbatim
e0“Based on dry weight accumulation, barley plants were equally sensitive and green foxtail plants were significantly more susceptible when glufosinate‐ammonium was applied at the end compared to the beginning of the photoperiod.”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley shoots accumulated significantly more ammonia after end versus beginning photoperiod spraying.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- sprayed at the end of the photoperiode0
- Outcome
- ammonia in the shootse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- initial 24 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both species accumulated significantly more ammonia in the shoots during the initial 24 h following application if sprayed at the end of the photoperiod.”
t0“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Samson’)”
Claim · model-written summary
Green foxtail shoots accumulated significantly more ammonia after end photoperiod spraying.
- Taxon
- green foxtailt0
- Treatment
- sprayed at the end of the photoperiode0
- Outcome
- ammonia in the shootse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- initial 24 he0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Both species accumulated significantly more ammonia in the shoots during the initial 24 h following application if sprayed at the end of the photoperiod.”
t0“green foxtail ( Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain after spraying caused the greatest reduction in glufosinate efficacy among examined factors.
- Treatment
- rainfall after spray applicatione0
- Outcome
- glufosinate‐ammonium efficacye0
- Direction
- greatest reductione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Of the environmental factors examined in this study, rainfall after spray application caused the greatest reduction of glufosinate‐ammonium efficacy.”
The same questions in other papers
application · control · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.