Abstract
Abstract The experiments were conducted to quantitatively determine the relative force exerted by germinating forage seedlings. Information obtained could be used for the selection of forage species most likely to emerge through soil crusts. An apparatus was used that employed a force transducer to measure the relative force exerted during seedling emergence. A continuous record of the vertical force was observed for each seedling. The resulting curve reflected the relative force a seedling exerted at a particular time of emergence after germination. The emergence force exerted by a seedling differed significantly among alfalfa (‘Medicago sativa’ L.), strawberry clover ( Trifolium fragiferum L. ‘Salina’), alsike clover ( Trifolium hybridium L.), and narrow‐leaf birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus tennis Wald. et. Kit.) and was positively correlated with seed weight. Alfalfa exhibited a significantly higher mean weekly emergence force, while narrowleaf birdsfoot trefoil seedlings exerted a significantly lower mean weekly emergence force than the other species tested. Curves generally indicate that force increased very rapidly for legumes 24 to 48 hours after transplanting with a gradual decrease thereafter. The magnitude of force exerted by tall wheatgrass ( Agropyron elongatum Host) and alfalfa seedlings was not significantly decreased until —5.0 bars of osmotic potential (O.P.) was imposed. A decrease in O.P., however, significantly increased the time required to reach a maximum force by alfalfa but not by tall wheatgrass. Force curves of tall wheatgrass indicated that 5 to 6 days were required to reach a maximum force, compared to 1 to 2 days for legumes. Sodium adsorption ratios did not affect the emergence force of alfalfa seedlings.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Emergence force differed among four forage legumes.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae0 - Outcome
- emergence forcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The emergence force exerted by a seedling differed significantly among alfalfa (‘Medicago sativa’ L.), strawberry clover ( Trifolium fragiferum L. ‘Salina’), alsike clover ( Trifolium hybridium L.), and narrow‐leaf birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus tennis Wald. et. Kit.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Emergence force was positively correlated with seed weight.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- seed weighte0
- Outcome
- forcee2
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was positively correlated with seed weight”
e1“The emergence force exerted by a seedling differed significantly among alfalfa (‘Medicago sativa’ L.), strawberry clover ( Trifolium fragiferum L. ‘Salina’), alsike clover ( Trifolium hybridium L.), and narrow‐leaf birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus tennis Wald. et. Kit.)”
e2“force increased very rapidly for legumes 24 to 48 hours after transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa had higher mean weekly emergence force than other tested species.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Outcome
- mean weekly emergence forcee0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alfalfa exhibited a significantly higher mean weekly emergence force”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrowleaf birdsfoot trefoil had lower mean weekly emergence force than other tested species.
Verbatim
e0“narrowleaf birdsfoot trefoil seedlings exerted a significantly lower mean weekly emergence force than the other species tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume emergence force rose rapidly 24 to 48 hours after transplanting.
Verbatim
e0“force increased very rapidly for legumes 24 to 48 hours after transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume emergence force gradually declined thereafter.
Verbatim
e0“with a gradual decrease thereafter”
e1“force increased very rapidly for legumes 24 to 48 hours after transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Tall wheatgrass emergence force did not significantly decrease until −5.0 bars osmotic potential.
- Taxon
- tall wheatgrass
Thinopyrum elongatume0 - Treatment
- —5.0 bars of osmotic potential (O.P.)e0
- Outcome
- magnitude of forcee0
- Direction
- not significantly decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The magnitude of force exerted by tall wheatgrass ( Agropyron elongatum Host) and alfalfa seedlings was not significantly decreased until —5.0 bars of osmotic potential (O.P.) was imposed”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa emergence force did not significantly decrease until −5.0 bars osmotic potential.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- —5.0 bars of osmotic potential (O.P.)e0
- Outcome
- magnitude of forcee0
- Direction
- not significantly decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The magnitude of force exerted by tall wheatgrass ( Agropyron elongatum Host) and alfalfa seedlings was not significantly decreased until —5.0 bars of osmotic potential (O.P.) was imposed”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower osmotic potential increased time to maximum force in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- decrease in O.P.e0
- Outcome
- time required to reach a maximum forcee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A decrease in O.P., however, significantly increased the time required to reach a maximum force by alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower osmotic potential did not increase time to maximum force in tall wheatgrass.
- Taxon
- tall wheatgrassThinopyrum elongatume0
- Outcome
- time required to reach a maximum forcee1
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not by tall wheatgrass”
e1“A decrease in O.P., however, significantly increased the time required to reach a maximum force by alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Tall wheatgrass needed 5 to 6 days to reach maximum force.
- Taxon
- tall wheatgrassThinopyrum elongatume0
- Outcome
- days were required to reach a maximum forcee0
- Value
- 5 to 6 dayse0
- Comparator
- legumese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Force curves of tall wheatgrass indicated that 5 to 6 days were required to reach a maximum force, compared to 1 to 2 days for legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Legumes needed 1 to 2 days to reach maximum force.
Verbatim
e0“Force curves of tall wheatgrass indicated that 5 to 6 days were required to reach a maximum force, compared to 1 to 2 days for legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium adsorption ratios did not affect alfalfa emergence force.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- Sodium adsorption ratiose0
- Outcome
- emergence forcee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium adsorption ratios did not affect the emergence force of alfalfa seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
sodium atom · growth · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.