Abstract
Experiments in nutrient solution were conducted to investigate the exudation of organic acids (OAs) induced by phosphorus deficiency (–P) and/or aluminium toxicity (+Al) in two contrasting soybean genotypes as related to internal OA concentration and related enzyme activities. Baxi 10 (BX10), a known P‐efficient soybean ( Glycine max [L] Merr.) genotype, was shown to be more resistant to +Al than a P‐inefficient genotype Bendi 2 (BD2), indicating the potential of selecting soybean cultivars with dual resistance to –P and +Al. The two contrasting genotypes were further characterized for root exudation and formation of oxalate, malate and citrate and their related enzyme activities in response to –P, +Al or both combined. –P significantly induced malate and oxalate exudation from both soybean genotypes, although the P‐efficient BX10 tended to excrete much more oxalate than the P‐inefficient BD2. The +Al treatment triggered citrate efflux from both genotypes, with BX10 having a much greater efflux rate than BD2. Interestingly, –P did not appear to induce citrate exudation, whereas +Al had no obvious effect on malate or oxalate exudation from the two genotypes. The exudation of OAs was generally diminished under the coupled stress of –P and +Al in comparison with either single stress, implying a possible antagonistic effect of the two stresses on OA exudation. Root malate content was negatively correlated with its exudation in BX10 but positively in BD2. A similar tendency was observed for oxalate content and exudation only with less magnitude. Determination of six related enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase (PEPP), malate enzyme (ME), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and pyruvate kinase (PK), in the root tips showed that their activities were not significantly altered during the early stage of treatments (2 and 4 days) whereas at 14 days after stress imposition, the activities of PEPC, PEPP, ME and ICDH were generally enhanced for both genotypes. However, the activity of these enzymes did not appear to be correlated with OA exudation or formation. This study clearly demonstrates that OA exudation is differentially induced by –P and +Al in soybean plants, with specific induction of oxalate and malate by –P and citrate by +Al. The lack of a close relationship between OA exudation and internal concentration or enzyme activities may suggest that the regulation of OA formation and exudation by –P and/or +Al could be imposed at different stages.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
BX10 was more resistant to aluminium than BD2.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Material
- Baxi 10 (BX10)e0
- Outcome
- resistant to +Ale0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- Bendi 2 (BD2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Baxi 10 (BX10), a known P‐efficient soybean ( Glycine max [L] Merr.) genotype, was shown to be more resistant to +Al than a P‐inefficient genotype Bendi 2 (BD2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency significantly induced malate and oxalate exudation in both soybean genotypes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- –Pe0
- Outcome
- malate and oxalate exudatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“–P significantly induced malate and oxalate exudation from both soybean genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
BX10 tended to excrete more oxalate than BD2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- BX10e0
- Outcome
- excrete much more oxalatee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- BD2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the P‐efficient BX10 tended to excrete much more oxalate than the P‐inefficient BD2”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium triggered citrate efflux in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- +Al treatmente0
- Outcome
- citrate effluxe0
- Direction
- triggerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The +Al treatment triggered citrate efflux from both genotypes”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
BX10 had a much greater citrate efflux rate than BD2 under aluminium.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BX10 having a much greater efflux rate than BD2”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency did not appear to induce citrate exudation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- –Pe0
- Outcome
- citrate exudatione0
- Direction
- did not appear to inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“–P did not appear to induce citrate exudation”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium had no obvious effect on malate or oxalate exudation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- +Ale0
- Outcome
- malate or oxalate exudatione0
- Direction
- no obvious effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“+Al had no obvious effect on malate or oxalate exudation from the two genotypes”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined phosphorus and aluminium stress generally diminished organic acid exudation compared with either stress alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- coupled stress of –P and +Ale0
- Outcome
- exudation of OAse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Comparator
- either single stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exudation of OAs was generally diminished under the coupled stress of –P and +Al in comparison with either single stress”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Root malate content correlated negatively with exudation in BX10.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- BX10e0
- Organ / stage
- Roote0
- Outcome
- malate contente0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root malate content was negatively correlated with its exudation in BX10”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Root malate content correlated positively with exudation in BD2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- BD2e0
- Outcome
- malate contente1
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but positively in BD2”
t0“soybean”
e1“Root malate content was negatively correlated with its exudation in BX10”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalate content and exudation showed a similar but weaker relationship.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- oxalate content and exudatione0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar tendency was observed for oxalate content and exudation only with less magnitude”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The six enzyme activities were not significantly altered at days 2 and 4.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- activitiese0
- Qualifier
- 2 and 4 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their activities were not significantly altered during the early stage of treatments (2 and 4 days)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
PEPC, PEPP and ME activity generally increased at day 14.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- PEPC, PEPP, MEe0
- Outcome
- activities of PEPC, PEPP, MEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 14 days after stress imposition, the activities of PEPC, PEPP, ME and ICDH were generally enhanced for both genotypes”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ICDH activity generally increased at day 14.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- ICDHe0
- Outcome
- activities of PEPC, PEPP, ME and ICDHe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 14 days after stress imposition, the activities of PEPC, PEPP, ME and ICDH were generally enhanced for both genotypes”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Enzyme activities did not appear correlated with organic acid exudation or formation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- these enzymese0
- Outcome
- OA exudation or formatione0
- Direction
- did not appear to be correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of these enzymes did not appear to be correlated with OA exudation or formation”
t0“soybean”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · molecular: metabolites · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
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