Abstract
The effect of increasing rates of superphosphate manufactured from Kola apatite, marketed in Hungary in the early 90s, and basic rock phosphate from Algeria on the Cd, Cr, Sr, Mn, Ni, Al, Co and Mo concentrations in the grain and by-products of spring barley was investigated in a pot experiment involving three acidic soils from Hungary and one each from Slovakia, Romania and Algeria. The rock phosphate used in the pot experiment contained three times as much Cd and twice as much Cr as is currently permitted in Hungary. Nevertheless, neither of these elements could be detected in the grain yield of barley. The chromium content in the by-products was also below the detection limit in all the treatments on less acidic soils. Even on extremely acidic soils there was only a detectable concentration of chromium in treatments where the development of spring barley was severely retarded. Cadmium, however, was detectable in the by-products on all the soils, in a concentration that depended primarily on the properties of the initial soils and the rock phosphate rates applied. Cobalt could not be detected in the grain yield on any of the soils, and nickel only on extremely acidic brown forest soil with alternating thin layers of clay in treatments where the underdeveloped plants produced a very low grain yield. In the by-products nickel, like chromium, was only present in detectable quantities in the underdeveloped plants growing on extremely acidic soils. On the latter soils cobalt was detected in the by-products in all the treatments, but in healthy plants its concentration was an order of magnitude lower than in retarded plants. Molybdenum was only detected in the grain yield of spring barley on weakly acidic soils, but was present in the by-products on all soils in treatments where healthy plants of spring barley developed. Manganese, aluminium and strontium were found in detectable quantities in plants in all the treatments on all the soils. On the majority of soils the concentration in the by-products was an order of magnitude higher than in the grain. Naturally the plant concentrations of the various elements were influenced by the quantities introduced into the soil with the P fertilizer (Sr, Cd) and by the extent to which the pH changed as the result of the P fertilizer (Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, Mn and Al). The Ni, Co, Cr, Al and Mn concentrations of the retarded plants growing on extremely acidic soils was several times higher than that of healthy plants (Treatments 9-12). On such soils the rates of basic rock phosphate applied in these treatments served not only as P fertilizer but also as liming agents, exerting a favourable effect by reducing the acidity of the soil and thus the availability of the potentially toxic elements. In agreement with observations found in the literature, the results of the pot experiment on spring barley indicated that heavy metals and potentially toxic elements were accumulated in the vegetative organs of barley, rather than in the grain yield. On soils where the lower pH caused by P treatment increased the availability of potentially toxic elements, plant concentrations were higher, emergence was poor, the plants were retarded and no grain yield was produced. These results provide an indication of the processes to be expected when soils become more acidic.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and chromium were undetectable in barley grain despite high concentrations in rock phosphate.
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree0 - Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- neither of these elements could be detected in the grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The rock phosphate used in the pot experiment contained three times as much Cd and twice as much Cr as is currently permitted in Hungary. Nevertheless, neither of these elements could be detected in the grain yield of barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium was undetectable in by-products on less acidic soils.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- chromium content in the by-productse0
- Setting
- less acidic soilse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chromium content in the by-products was also below the detection limit in all the treatments on less acidic soils”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium was detectable on extremely acidic soils only where barley development was severely retarded.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- detectable concentration of chromiume0
- Qualifier
- development of spring barley was severely retardede0
- Setting
- extremely acidic soilse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even on extremely acidic soils there was only a detectable concentration of chromium in treatments where the development of spring barley was severely retarded”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium in by-products depended primarily on original soil properties and rock phosphate rates.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- rock phosphate rates appliede0
- Outcome
- Cadmium, however, was detectable in the by-productse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium, however, was detectable in the by-products on all the soils, in a concentration that depended primarily on the properties of the initial soils and the rock phosphate rates applied”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt was undetectable in grain on every soil.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Cobalt could not be detected in the grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cobalt could not be detected in the grain yield on any of the soils”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel was detectable in grain only on extremely acidic brown forest soil in underdeveloped, low-yield plants.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- nickele0
- Setting
- extremely acidic brown forest soil with alternating thin layers of claye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nickel only on extremely acidic brown forest soil with alternating thin layers of clay in treatments where the underdeveloped plants produced a very low grain yield”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel in by-products was detectable only in underdeveloped plants on extremely acidic soils.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- nickele0
- Setting
- extremely acidic soilse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the by-products nickel, like chromium, was only present in detectable quantities in the underdeveloped plants growing on extremely acidic soils”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt in by-products on extremely acidic soils was about an order of magnitude lower in healthy than retarded plants.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- cobalte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- an order of magnitudee0
- Comparator
- retarded plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the latter soils cobalt was detected in the by-products in all the treatments, but in healthy plants its concentration was an order of magnitude lower than in retarded plants”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum appeared in grain only on weakly acidic soils.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- Molybdenume0
- Setting
- weakly acidic soilse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Molybdenum was only detected in the grain yield of spring barley on weakly acidic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum appeared in by-products on all soils where plants developed healthily.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- present in the by-productse0
- Qualifier
- healthy plants of spring barley developede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but was present in the by-products on all soils in treatments where healthy plants of spring barley developed”
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese, aluminium and strontium were detectable in plants across all treatments and soils.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Manganese, aluminium and strontium were found in detectable quantitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manganese, aluminium and strontium were found in detectable quantities in plants in all the treatments on all the soils”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
For most soils, by-products had roughly tenfold higher element concentration than grain.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- concentration in the by-productse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- an order of magnitudee0
- Comparator
- graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the majority of soils the concentration in the by-products was an order of magnitude higher than in the grain”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer input influenced plant strontium and cadmium concentrations.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- P fertilizere0
- Outcome
- plant concentrationse0
- Qualifier
- Sr, Cde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant concentrations of the various elements were influenced by the quantities introduced into the soil with the P fertilizer (Sr, Cd)”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer-induced pH changes influenced plant Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, Mn and Al concentrations.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- P fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, Mn and Ale0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by the extent to which the pH changed as the result of the P fertilizer (Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, Mn and Al)”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Retarded barley on extremely acidic soils had several times higher Ni, Co, Cr, Al and Mn concentrations than healthy plants.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Ni, Co, Cr, Al and Mn concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- several timese0
- Comparator
- healthy plantse0
- Setting
- extremely acidic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Ni, Co, Cr, Al and Mn concentrations of the retarded plants growing on extremely acidic soils was several times higher than that of healthy plants (Treatments 9-12)”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Basic rock phosphate reduced soil acidity and potentially toxic element availability on extremely acidic soils.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“On such soils the rates of basic rock phosphate applied in these treatments served not only as P fertilizer but also as liming agents, exerting a favourable effect by reducing the acidity of the soil and thus the availability of the potentially toxic elements”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals and potentially toxic elements accumulated in barley vegetative organs rather than grain.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative organse0
- Outcome
- heavy metals and potentially toxic elements were accumulatede0
- Comparator
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heavy metals and potentially toxic elements were accumulated in the vegetative organs of barley, rather than in the grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
On soils where phosphate treatment lowered pH, plant toxic-element concentrations were higher.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- P treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On soils where the lower pH caused by P treatment increased the availability of potentially toxic elements, plant concentrations were higher”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under lower soil pH after phosphorus treatment, emergence was poor and plants were retarded.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- P treatmente0
- Outcome
- emergence was poor, the plants were retardede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On soils where the lower pH caused by P treatment increased the availability of potentially toxic elements, plant concentrations were higher, emergence was poor, the plants were retarded and no grain yield was produced”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under lower soil pH after phosphorus treatment, barley produced no grain yield.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- P treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no grain yield was producede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On soils where the lower pH caused by P treatment increased the availability of potentially toxic elements, plant concentrations were higher, emergence was poor, the plants were retarded and no grain yield was produced”
e1“grain and by-products of spring barley”
The same questions in other papers
phosphorus · quality: sugar starch · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.