Abstract
SUMMARY Several insecticides were applied to the soil and/or plant foliage as granule or spray treatments to control wheat bulb fly larval damage to late‐sown winter wheat in eastern England between 1969 and 1981. Treatment effects in preventing larvae from entering plants or in killing larvae within attacked shoots and effects on yield were compared with controls and with a standard chlorfenvinphos seed treatment. Granules of chlorfenvinphos, fonofos or terbufos at rates between 1–40 and 2–24 kg a.i./ha were highly effective when applied at sowing in mineral soils, and fonofos granules were also effective in organic soils. Single spray applications of chlorfenvinphos, and especially of fonofos, applied at sowing at rates between 0–84 and 1–40 kg a.i./ha were effective in both soil types. Sprays applied when wheat bulb fly eggs began to hatch were more effective in mineral than in organic soils and gave lower yield increments than the standard chlorfenvinphos seed treatment. Single sprays of chlorpyrifos, formothion, omethoate or pirimiphos‐methyl, applied to the foliage when larval damage was first seen (‘deadheart’ stage) significantly increased yields; dimethoate spray or granule treatments applied at this stage were not significantly better than control and ‘deadheart’ treatments were generally less effective than chlorfenvinphos seed treatment. Multiple treatments involving two or more of the above methods were extremely effective in both soil types; their economic and environmental implications are discussed.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
chlorfenvinphos was highly effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- highly effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Granules of chlorfenvinphos, fonofos or terbufos at rates between 1–40 and 2–24 kg a.i./ha were highly effective when applied at sowing in mineral soils”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
fonofos was highly effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fonofose0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- highly effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Granules of chlorfenvinphos, fonofos or terbufos at rates between 1–40 and 2–24 kg a.i./ha were highly effective when applied at sowing in mineral soils”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
terbufos was highly effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- terbufose0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- highly effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Granules of chlorfenvinphos, fonofos or terbufos at rates between 1–40 and 2–24 kg a.i./ha were highly effective when applied at sowing in mineral soils”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
fonofos granules was effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fonofos granulese0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fonofos granules were also effective in organic soils”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorfenvinphos was effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single spray applications of chlorfenvinphos, and especially of fonofos, applied at sowing at rates between 0–84 and 1–40 kg a.i./ha were effective in both soil types”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
fonofos was effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fonofose0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single spray applications of chlorfenvinphos, and especially of fonofos, applied at sowing at rates between 0–84 and 1–40 kg a.i./ha were effective in both soil types”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays applied when wheat bulb fly eggs began to hatch was more effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sprays applied when wheat bulb fly eggs began to hatche0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- organic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprays applied when wheat bulb fly eggs began to hatch were more effective in mineral than in organic soils and gave lower yield increments than the standard chlorfenvinphos seed treatment”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays applied when wheat bulb fly eggs began to hatch was lower for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sprays applied when wheat bulb fly eggs began to hatche0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- yield incrementse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- standard chlorfenvinphos seed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprays applied when wheat bulb fly eggs began to hatch were more effective in mineral than in organic soils and gave lower yield increments than the standard chlorfenvinphos seed treatment”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorpyrifos was increased for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorpyrifose0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single sprays of chlorpyrifos, formothion, omethoate or pirimiphos‐methyl, applied to the foliage when larval damage was first seen (‘deadheart’ stage) significantly increased yields”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
formothion was increased for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- formothione0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single sprays of chlorpyrifos, formothion, omethoate or pirimiphos‐methyl, applied to the foliage when larval damage was first seen (‘deadheart’ stage) significantly increased yields”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
omethoate was increased for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- omethoatee0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single sprays of chlorpyrifos, formothion, omethoate or pirimiphos‐methyl, applied to the foliage when larval damage was first seen (‘deadheart’ stage) significantly increased yields”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
pirimiphos‐methyl was increased for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pirimiphos‐methyle0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single sprays of chlorpyrifos, formothion, omethoate or pirimiphos‐methyl, applied to the foliage when larval damage was first seen (‘deadheart’ stage) significantly increased yields”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
dimethoate spray or granule treatments was not significantly better for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dimethoate spray or granule treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- not significantly bettere0
- Direction
- not significantly bettere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dimethoate spray or granule treatments applied at this stage were not significantly better than control”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
‘deadheart’ treatments was less effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ‘deadheart’ treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- chlorfenvinphos seed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘deadheart’ treatments were generally less effective than chlorfenvinphos seed treatment”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple treatments was extremely effective for wheat bulb fly control or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Multiple treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Delia coarctataDelia coarctatat0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- extremely effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multiple treatments involving two or more of the above methods were extremely effective in both soil types”
t0“Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat”