Abstract
Amines are substances that could cause toxic effects in the consumer. The concentration of amines in wine depends on different factors such as grape variety, vinification conditions and nitrogen fertilisation of the vines. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the application of foliar urea on the concentration of amines in wine. To carry out the study, grapevines of Tempranillo variety were used. These grapevines were treated with foliar urea at two different concentrations: 2 and 4 kg N ha(-1). Treatment with foliar urea significantly increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of histamine in the wines compared with the control sample (65% in the treatment with 2 kg N ha(-1) and 93% in the treatment with 4 kg N ha(-1)), reaching higher concentrations than the threshold level where it could provoke toxic effects in the consumer (8-20 mg l(-1)). On the other hand, treatment with foliar urea did not increase the concentrations of other amines which could be toxic such as tyramine or phenylethylamine, nor amines such as putrescine which could enhance the toxic effect of histamine. In the case of the volatile amines containing secondary amine groups, the concentration of pirrolidine increased by 37% after treatment with 2 kg N ha(-1) and 61% after treatment with 4 kg N ha(-1).
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at 2 kg N ha(-1) significantly increased wine histamine concentration by 65% versus control.
- Material
- Tempranillot0
- Treatment
- 2 kg N ha(-1)e0
- Outcome
- concentration of histaminee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65%e0
- Comparator
- control samplee0
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with foliar urea significantly increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of histamine in the wines compared with the control sample (65% in the treatment with 2 kg N ha(-1) and 93% in the treatment with 4 kg N ha(-1))”
t0“grapevines of Tempranillo variety were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at 4 kg N ha(-1) significantly increased wine histamine concentration by 93% versus control.
- Material
- Tempranillot0
- Treatment
- 4 kg N ha(-1)e0
- Outcome
- concentration of histaminee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 93%e0
- Comparator
- control samplee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with foliar urea significantly increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of histamine in the wines compared with the control sample (65% in the treatment with 2 kg N ha(-1) and 93% in the treatment with 4 kg N ha(-1))”
t0“grapevines of Tempranillo variety were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea did not increase wine tyramine, phenylethylamine or putrescine concentrations.
- Treatment
- treatment with foliar ureae0
- Outcome
- concentrations of other amines which could be toxic such as tyramine or phenylethylamine, nor amines such as putrescinee0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with foliar urea did not increase the concentrations of other amines which could be toxic such as tyramine or phenylethylamine, nor amines such as putrescine”
t0“grapevines of Tempranillo variety were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at 2 kg N ha(-1) increased wine pirrolidine by 37%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of pirrolidine increased by 37% after treatment with 2 kg N ha(-1) and 61% after treatment with 4 kg N ha(-1)”
t0“grapevines of Tempranillo variety were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at 4 kg N ha(-1) increased wine pirrolidine by 61%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of pirrolidine increased by 37% after treatment with 2 kg N ha(-1) and 61% after treatment with 4 kg N ha(-1)”
t0“grapevines of Tempranillo variety were used”
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See all 51 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.