Abstract
Abstract Aluminum toxicity is frequently the limiting factor to crop production in acid soils. The diagnosis of Al toxicity for a specific wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar could be simplified by tissue analysis. Greenhouse studies were undertaken to determine the critical Al toxicity level for the cultivar ‘Stacy’ and tissue nutrients affected by Al status. Wheat plants were grown in 10 levels of Al (0, 1.9, 3.7, 9.3, 18.5, 37.1, 74.1, 148, 222, and 297 µM Al) in nutrient solution for 28 days. Aluminum toxicity reduced top dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, tiller numbers, and top/root dry weight ratio. Aluminum concentrations in the blade and stem tissues were low (maximum of 0.3 mmol kg −1 in Blade 1, the most recently developed leaf with a developed ligule) and were linearly related to Al in nutrient solution. Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat. The critical Al toxicity levels, defined as the Al concentration in the tissue associated with a 10% decrease from maximum top dry weight due to toxicity, were 0.12 mmol kg −1 in Blade 1 and 0.08 mmol kg −1 in the whole plant. Knowing these tissue values, one may be able to detect Al toxicity from similar uncontaminated tissue from the Stacy cultivar sampled in the field. Using washed Blade 1 would be preferable to using the whole plant because soil contamination would be minimized. Aluminum toxicity decreased all elemental concentrations in Blade 1 and whole plants. With the exception of P and K in Blade 1, the decreases in elemental concentrations were related by either a linear or quadratic regression.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium toxicity reduced top and root dry weight, plant height, tillers and top-to-root weight ratio.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Stacye1
- Treatment
- Aluminum toxicitye0
- Outcome
- top dry weight, root dry weight, plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum toxicity reduced top dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, tiller numbers, and top/root dry weight ratio”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium toxicity reduced tillers and top-to-root dry weight ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stacye1
- Treatment
- Aluminum toxicitye0
- Outcome
- tiller numbers, and top/root dry weight ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum toxicity reduced top dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, tiller numbers, and top/root dry weight ratio”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Blade and stem aluminium concentrations were low, at most 0.3 mmol kg −1 in Blade 1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stacye1
- Organ / stage
- blade and stem tissuese0
- Outcome
- Aluminum concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 0.3 mmol kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum concentrations in the blade and stem tissues were low (maximum of 0.3 mmol kg −1 in Blade 1, the most recently developed leaf with a developed ligule)”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue aluminium concentration was linearly related to solution aluminium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stacye1
- Treatment
- Al in nutrient solutione0
- Outcome
- Aluminum concentrationse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were linearly related to Al in nutrient solution”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
e2“Aluminum concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Stacy wheat did not readily accumulate aluminium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Stacye0
- Outcome
- Aluminum is not readily accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical aluminium toxicity level in Blade 1 was 0.12 mmol kg −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stacye1
- Organ / stage
- Blade 1e0
- Outcome
- critical Al toxicity levelse2
- Value
- 0.12 mmol kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were 0.12 mmol kg −1 in Blade 1 and 0.08 mmol kg −1 in the whole plant”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
e2“The critical Al toxicity levels, defined as the Al concentration in the tissue associated with a 10% decrease from maximum top dry weight due to toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical aluminium toxicity level in the whole plant was 0.08 mmol kg −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stacye1
- Organ / stage
- whole plante0
- Outcome
- critical Al toxicity levelse2
- Value
- 0.08 mmol kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were 0.12 mmol kg −1 in Blade 1 and 0.08 mmol kg −1 in the whole plant”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
e2“The critical Al toxicity levels, defined as the Al concentration in the tissue associated with a 10% decrease from maximum top dry weight due to toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Washed Blade 1 was preferred over whole-plant tissue for field diagnosis because it minimizes soil contamination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stacye1
- Outcome
- Using washed Blade 1e0
- Qualifier
- soil contamination would be minimizede0
- Comparator
- the whole plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using washed Blade 1 would be preferable to using the whole plant because soil contamination would be minimized”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium toxicity decreased all elemental concentrations in Blade 1 and whole plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stacye1
- Organ / stage
- Blade 1 and whole plantse0
- Treatment
- Aluminum toxicitye0
- Outcome
- elemental concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum toxicity decreased all elemental concentrations in Blade 1 and whole plants”
t0“Wheat”
e1“Aluminum is not readily accumulated in Stacy wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Except for P and K in Blade 1, elemental decreases followed linear or quadratic regressions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Blade 1e0
- Outcome
- decreases in elemental concentrationse0
- Qualifier
- With the exception of P and K in Blade 1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of P and K in Blade 1, the decreases in elemental concentrations were related by either a linear or quadratic regression”
t0“Wheat”
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