Abstract
Abstract Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry. Bacillus brevis (Brevibacillus brevis) and Bacillus polymyxa (Paenibacillus polymyxa), which showed strong antifungal activity against B. cinerea, were isolated from the phyllosphere of strawberry plants. The advantage of using these bacteria is that the biochemistry and physiology of production of antibiotic peptides antimicrobial substances is well documented. A study was conducted to assess the activity of both Bacilli and their antibiotic peptides produced against B. cinerea in strawberry plants in vitro and in vivo. In vitro bioassay, both Bacilli have strongly inhibited pathogen germination, growth and extra-cellular enzyme production. Bacillus brevis was generally the most effective in reducing Botrytis growth. Gramicidin S and polymyxin B peptide antibiotics were extracted from culture filtrate of B. brevis and B. polymyxa, respectively, purified by silica thin chromatography and identified by high performance liquid chromatography. Germination, growth rate and production of extra-cellular enzymes were more sensitive to both antibiotics. Gramicidin S was the most active against B. cinerea with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 15 μmol/l. Polymyxin B also showed activity against B. cinerea at 25 μmol/l. Under controlled conditions (18 – 22°C, 90% relative humidity and 12 h photoperiod), strawberry plants were sprayed with pathogens (105 spores/ml), antagonists (from 105 to 108 cells/ml) and antibiotic peptides (0 – 30 μmol/l) for reducing grey mould. Disease incidence was decreased in the presence of B. brevis. Both antibiotic peptides inhibited Botrytis growth that was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The plant leaves adsorbed significant amounts of antibiotics which reached from 46.1 to 67.5% of the original solution. Under natural field conditions, these biocontrol and antibiotic peptides at different concentrations were evaluated in 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons against Botrytis grey mould. Treating plants with B. brevis exhibited a significant high activity against the development of Botrytis disease on strawberry. Gramicidin S showed a strong potential in reducing disease incidence, followed by polymyxin B, and acted as a fungicide to the pathogen growth. Inhibition of B. cinerea by both Bacilli was similar to equivalent levels of their antibiotics produced. In addition, these treatments significantly reduced the development of Botrytis and increased fruit yield. It can be suggested that B. brevis and B. polymyxa may be considered as potential biocontrol agents against Botrytis grey mould on strawberry based on the production of antifungal peptides. Therefore, gramicidin S and polymyxin B products are considered as biocontrol agents and may play a significant role in the future for practical applications in strawberry management systems.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus brevis and Bacillus polymyxa isolates from the strawberry phyllosphere showed strong antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae1 - Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae1pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus brevise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antifungal activity against B. cinereae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Bacillus brevis (Brevibacillus brevis) and Bacillus polymyxa (Paenibacillus polymyxa), which showed strong antifungal activity against B. cinerea, were isolated from the phyllosphere of strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Both Bacilli strongly inhibited Botrytis cinerea germination, growth and extracellular enzyme production in vitro.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Bacillie2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen germination, growth and extra-cellular enzyme productione2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Setting
- In vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“In vitro bioassay, both Bacilli have strongly inhibited pathogen germination, growth and extra-cellular enzyme production”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus brevis was generally the most effective in reducing Botrytis growth.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Bacillus brevise2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus brevise2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Botrytis growthe2
- Direction
- reducinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Bacillus brevis was generally the most effective in reducing Botrytis growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Gramicidin S and polymyxin B peptide antibiotics were extracted from culture filtrate of the two Bacillus strains.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- Gramicidin S and polymyxin B peptide antibioticse2
- Qualifier
- extracted from culture filtrate of B. brevis and B. polymyxae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Gramicidin S and polymyxin B peptide antibiotics were extracted from culture filtrate of B. brevis and B. polymyxa, respectively, purified by silica thin chromatography and identified by high performance liquid chromatography”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination, growth rate and extracellular enzyme production of Botrytis were more sensitive to both antibiotics.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- both antibioticse2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- Germination, growth rate and production of extra-cellular enzymese2
- Direction
- more sensitivee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Germination, growth rate and production of extra-cellular enzymes were more sensitive to both antibiotics”
Claim · model-written summary
Gramicidin S was the most active against Botrytis cinerea with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 15 μmol/l.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Gramicidin Se2
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- minimal inhibitory concentratione2
- Direction
- most activee2
- Value
- 15 μmol/le2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Gramicidin S was the most active against B. cinerea with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 15 μmol/l”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymyxin B showed activity against Botrytis cinerea at 25 μmol/l.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Polymyxin Be2
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- activity against B. cinereae2
- Value
- 25 μmol/le2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Polymyxin B also showed activity against B. cinerea at 25 μmol/l”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with Bacillus brevis decreased disease incidence in the presence of the strain.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- B. brevise2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. brevisBrevibacillus brevise2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Disease incidencee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Disease incidence was decreased in the presence of B. brevis”
Claim · model-written summary
Both antibiotic peptides inhibited Botrytis growth, observed by scanning electron microscopy.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- antibiotic peptidese2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- Botrytis growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Qualifier
- observed by scanning electron microscopye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Both antibiotic peptides inhibited Botrytis growth that was observed by scanning electron microscopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry leaves adsorbed 46.1 to 67.5% of the original antibiotic solution.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Organ / stage
- plant leavese2
- Outcome
- adsorbed significant amounts of antibioticse2
- Value
- 46.1 to 67.5%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“The plant leaves adsorbed significant amounts of antibiotics which reached from 46.1 to 67.5% of the original solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with Bacillus brevis gave a significantly high activity against the development of Botrytis disease on strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae2
- Treatment
- B. brevise2
- Second interactor
- B. brevisBrevibacillus brevise2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- development of Botrytis diseasee2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Qualifier
- significant high activitye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Treating plants with B. brevis exhibited a significant high activity against the development of Botrytis disease on strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gramicidin S showed a strong potential in reducing disease incidence of Botrytis.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Gramicidin Se2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee2
- Direction
- reducinge2
- Qualifier
- strong potentiale2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Gramicidin S showed a strong potential in reducing disease incidence, followed by polymyxin B, and acted as a fungicide to the pathogen growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Gramicidin S acted as a fungicide that reduced Botrytis pathogen growth.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Gramicidin Se2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen growthe2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Qualifier
- acted as a fungicidee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Gramicidin S showed a strong potential in reducing disease incidence, followed by polymyxin B, and acted as a fungicide to the pathogen growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by both Bacilli was similar to the inhibition by equivalent levels of their antibiotics.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- both Bacillie2
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- Inhibition of B. cinereae2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- equivalent levels of their antibiotics producede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Inhibition of B. cinerea by both Bacilli was similar to equivalent levels of their antibiotics produced”
Claim · model-written summary
The biocontrol and antibiotic peptide treatments significantly reduced the development of Botrytis in natural field conditions.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- biocontrol and antibiotic peptidese2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- development of Botrytise3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- natural field conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Under natural field conditions, these biocontrol and antibiotic peptides at different concentrations were evaluated in 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons against Botrytis grey mould”
e3“In addition, these treatments significantly reduced the development of Botrytis and increased fruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The biocontrol and antibiotic peptide treatments significantly increased strawberry fruit yield in natural field conditions.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- biocontrol and antibiotic peptidese2
- Outcome
- fruit yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Setting
- natural field conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to strawberry”
e2“Under natural field conditions, these biocontrol and antibiotic peptides at different concentrations were evaluated in 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons against Botrytis grey mould”
e3“In addition, these treatments significantly reduced the development of Botrytis and increased fruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest B. brevis and B. polymyxa as potential biocontrol agents against Botrytis grey mould on strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Second interactor
- B. brevisBrevibacillus brevise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- potential biocontrol agents against Botrytis grey moulde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It can be suggested that B. brevis and B. polymyxa may be considered as potential biocontrol agents against Botrytis grey mould on strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider the gramicidin S and polymyxin B products as biocontrol agents for strawberry management systems.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- products are considered as biocontrol agentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Therefore, gramicidin S and polymyxin B products are considered as biocontrol agents and may play a significant role in the future for practical applications in strawberry management systems”
The same questions in other papers
antimicrobial agent · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
biocontrol · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →biocontrol · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.