Abstract
Stomata are turgor-driven epidermal valves on the surface of plants that allow for efficient gas and water exchange between the plant and its environment. The Arabidopsis thaliana basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, MUTE, is a master regulator of stomatal differentiation where it is required for progression through the stomatal lineage and the differentiation of stomata. The genetic control of stomatal spacing across the epidermal surface is variable in different organs. For instance, a distinct suite of genes from those in leaves regulates stomatal patterning in hypocotyls. Here we report that regardless of organ type, MUTE controls downstream events directing stomatal differentiation, specifically the transition from meristemoid to guard mother cell. Ectopic MUTE expression is sufficient to over-ride cell fate specification in cell types that do not normally differentiate stomata. Furthermore, MUTE is required for the production of the structure evolutionarily related to stomata, the hydathode pore. Consistently, MUTE displays expression at the tip of cotyledons and leaves, thus co-localizing with the auxin maxima. However, MUTE itself was not regulated by the auxin, and the absence of hydathode pores in mute did not affect the auxin maxima. Surprisingly, our analysis revealed that the requirement for MUTE could be partially circumvented under conditions of compromised inhibitory signaling.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
MUTE directs the meristemoid-to-guard-mother-cell transition across organs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Gene
- MUTEe0
- Outcome
- transition from meristemoid to guard mother celle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“regardless of organ type, MUTE controls downstream events directing stomatal differentiation, specifically the transition from meristemoid to guard mother cell.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic MUTE expression overrides cell fate specification in cell types that do not normally form stomata.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Ectopic MUTE expressione0
- Gene
- MUTEe0
- Outcome
- cell fate specificatione0
- Direction
- over-ridee0
- Comparator
- cell types that do not normally differentiate stomatae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic MUTE expression is sufficient to over-ride cell fate specification in cell types that do not normally differentiate stomata.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MUTE is required for hydathode pore formation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- MUTEe0
- Outcome
- production of the structure evolutionarily related to stomata, the hydathode poree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MUTE is required for the production of the structure evolutionarily related to stomata, the hydathode pore.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MUTE expression occurs at cotyledon and leaf tips and co-localizes with auxin maxima.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- cotyledons and leavese0
- Gene
- MUTEe0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- expression at the tip of cotyledons and leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MUTE displays expression at the tip of cotyledons and leaves, thus co-localizing with the auxin maxima.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin did not regulate MUTE.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- MUTEe0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- MUTE itself was not regulated by the auxine0
- Direction
- not regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MUTE itself was not regulated by the auxin”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of hydathode pores in mute did not affect auxin maxima.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- mutee0
- Outcome
- auxin maximae0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the absence of hydathode pores in mute did not affect the auxin maxima.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Compromised inhibitory signaling partially bypassed the MUTE requirement.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- MUTEe0
- Outcome
- requirement for MUTEe0
- Direction
- partially circumventede0
- Qualifier
- compromised inhibitory signalinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the requirement for MUTE could be partially circumvented under conditions of compromised inhibitory signaling.”
t0“Arabidopsis”