Abstract
Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters but reduced root:shoot ratios. Both light and electron microscopy of current year needles carried out at mid-summer reveal extensive accumulations of starch, particularly in the endodermis, and crushing of the phloem sieve cells. Parallel measurements of starch levels also reveal a non-mobilizable component. All these features probably indicate that episodes of high summer O3 detrimentally affect the normal ability of Aleppo pines to withstand severe water stress and this may account for their reduced vitality in Mediterranean regions. By autumn, however, the amounts of starch are similar to those in low O3-grown trees and no evidence of the phloem sieve tube crushing remain although plastids do show increased num bers of plastoglobull. Similar summer high level O3-fumigated needles also show enhanced winter hardiness in the autumn which is unusual for conifers.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Summer O3 fumigation produced taller Aleppo pine plants with greater stem diameters.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pine
Pinus halepensise1 - Treatment
- episodes of O3e1
- Outcome
- taller plants with greater stem diameterse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- 25 nl l−e1
- Setting
- two summer seasonse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer O3 fumigation reduced the root:shoot ratio of Aleppo pine.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Treatment
- episodes of O3e1
- Outcome
- root:shoot ratiose2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- 25 nl l−e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e2“reduced root:shoot ratios”
Claim · model-written summary
Light and electron microscopy of current-year needles at mid-summer showed extensive starch accumulation, particularly in the endodermis, in high-O3 Aleppo pine.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Organ / stage
- current year needlese3
- Treatment
- episodes of O3e1
- Outcome
- accumulations of starche3
- Setting
- mid-summere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e3“Both light and electron microscopy of current year needles carried out at mid-summer reveal extensive accumulations of starch, particularly in the endodermis, and crushing of the phloem sieve cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Light and electron microscopy of current-year needles at mid-summer showed crushing of phloem sieve cells in high-O3 Aleppo pine.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Organ / stage
- current year needlese3
- Outcome
- crushing of the phloem sieve cellse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e3“Both light and electron microscopy of current year needles carried out at mid-summer reveal extensive accumulations of starch, particularly in the endodermis, and crushing of the phloem sieve cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Parallel measurements of starch levels revealed a non-mobilizable starch component in Aleppo pine needles.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Outcome
- non-mobilizable componente4
- Qualifier
- starch levelse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e4“Parallel measurements of starch levels also reveal a non-mobilizable component”
Claim · model-written summary
High summer O3 episodes probably impair the ability of Aleppo pines to withstand severe water stress, which may account for their reduced vitality in Mediterranean regions.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinesPinus halepensise5
- Treatment
- episodes of high summer O3e5
- Outcome
- normal ability of Aleppo pines to withstand severe water stresse5
- Qualifier
- water stresse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e5“All these features probably indicate that episodes of high summer O3 detrimentally affect the normal ability of Aleppo pines to withstand severe water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
By autumn, starch amounts in high-O3 Aleppo pine needles were similar to those in low-O3 trees.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Treatment
- episodes of O3e1
- Outcome
- amounts of starche6
- Direction
- similare6
- Comparator
- low O3-grown treese6
- Setting
- By autumne6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e6“By autumn, however, the amounts of starch are similar to those in low O3-grown trees”
Claim · model-written summary
By autumn, no evidence of phloem sieve tube crushing remained in Aleppo pine needles.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Outcome
- phloem sieve tube crushinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e2“no evidence of the phloem sieve tube crushing remain”
Claim · model-written summary
By autumn, plastids of high-O3 Aleppo pine needles showed increased numbers of plastoglobuli.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Organ / stage
- plastidse7
- Outcome
- plastoglobulle7
- Direction
- increasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e7“plastids do show increased num bers of plastoglobull”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer high-level O3 fumigation enhanced winter hardiness of Aleppo pine needles in the autumn, unusual for conifers.
- Taxon
- Aleppo pinePinus halepensise1
- Treatment
- summer high level O3e2
- Outcome
- winter hardinesse2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- unusual for coniferse2
- Setting
- in the autumne2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fumigation of 2 year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) trees with episodes of O3 (up to 120 nl l− as compared to 25 nl l−) throughout two summer seasons produces taller plants with greater stem diameters”
e2“Similar summer high level O3-fumigated needles also show enhanced winter hardiness in the autumn which is unusual for conifers”
The same questions in other papers
ozone · growth · Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.