Abstract
These experiments were carried out to study the effects of mineral nutrients on the acidity of tomato fruits (var. Fukuju No. 2).1. In the solution culture, the titratable, total and combined acidities in the water extracts of whole fruits at the higher level of potassium (117ppm) were greater than those at the lower level (20ppm). Higher level of potassium induced the increases of the contents of potassium and inorganic phosphate. For the effects of phosphorus levels, the acidities and the potassium content at the higher level (31ppm) were lower than those at the lower level (5ppm). Inorganic phosphate content was increased at the higher level of phosphorus. To analyze such converse effects of both nutrients, partial correlation coefficients were calculated between the titratable acidity and the content of potassium or that of inorganic phosphate. It was shown that the titratable acidity was significantly correlated with the potassium content (r=0.96), but not with the inorganic phosphate content(r=-0.03). The same was true for the total acidity. Therefore the phosphorus effect seemed to be an indirect one on the acidities of fruits. The combined acidity and the potassium content at the higher level of nitrogen (140ppm) were lower than those at the lower level (40ppm). On the titratabie and total acidities, however, nitrogen levels had the different effects depending on the level of potassium supplied. At the lower level of potassium, the higher level of nitrogen decreased these acidities, whereas it increased them at the higher level of potassium.Gelatinous pulp weight expressed as a percentage of whole fruit was significantly decreased at the higher level of either nitrogen or phosphorus, but not affected by potassium levels.Examination of interaction between nutrient effect and fruit tissue indicated that effects of nitrogen or phoshorus on the acidities and the potassium content were not different with regard to the kind of tissues, while effect of potassium on the titratable and total acidities and the potassium content were greater in gelatinous pulp than in wall tissues.2. To study the effect of forms of nitrogen, the ratio of NO3-N to NH4-N was varied (10:0, 5:5 and 3:7), while the concentration of total nitrogen was held constant at 70ppm. Titratable and total acidities of fruits supplied with ammonium nitrogen (NO3: NH4=5:5 or 3:7) were lower than those of fruits supplied with nitrate nitrogen only (10: 0). Combined acidity and the potassium content were, however, decreased at the 5:5 solution only. The titratable acidity expressed as a percentage of total acidity was lower in the fruits supplied with ammonium nitrogen than those supplied with nitrate nitrogen only.3. The effects of various rates of phosphorus or potassium fertilizers were examined on fruits from plants grown in pots containing the volcanic ash soil. Potassium fertilizers had almost the same effect on the acidities and the potassium content with those found at the experiment in solution culture. Phosphorus showed no significant effects on the acidities.These results obtained above suggested that effect of potassium on the acidities was distinctly greater than those of nitrogen or phosphorus, and that the acidities of fruits were intimately related to the content of potassium. The apparent effect of potassium were thought to be based on the following two facts, namely (a) the almost proportional relations among the titratable, total and combined acidities were maintained in tomato fruits at the incipient colour stage, and (b) the combined acidity, i.e., the content of total cations, was linearly related to the potassium content.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Higher potassium increased titratable, total, and combined acidity of fruit extracts.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- higher level of potassium (117ppm)e0
- Outcome
- titratable, total and combined aciditiese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- lower level (20ppm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the titratable, total and combined acidities in the water extracts of whole fruits at the higher level of potassium (117ppm) were greater than those at the lower level (20ppm)”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher potassium raised fruit potassium and inorganic phosphate contents.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Higher level of potassiume0
- Outcome
- contents of potassium and inorganic phosphatee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- lower level (20ppm)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher level of potassium induced the increases of the contents of potassium and inorganic phosphate”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
e2“lower level (20ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher phosphorus lowered acidity and potassium content relative to lower phosphorus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- higher level (31ppm)e0
- Outcome
- acidities and the potassium contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- phosphorus levelse1
- Comparator
- lower level (5ppm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the acidities and the potassium content at the higher level (31ppm) were lower than those at the lower level (5ppm)”
e1“For the effects of phosphorus levels”
e2“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher phosphorus increased inorganic phosphate content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- higher level of phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- Inorganic phosphate contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- lower level (5ppm)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inorganic phosphate content was increased at the higher level of phosphorus”
e1“lower level (5ppm)”
e2“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Titratable acidity was significantly correlated with potassium content, r=0.96.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Compound
- potassiume0
- Outcome
- titratable aciditye0
- Direction
- correlatede0
- Value
- r=0.96e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the titratable acidity was significantly correlated with the potassium content (r=0.96)”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Titratable acidity was not correlated with inorganic phosphate content, r=-0.03.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Compound
- inorganic phosphatee0
- Outcome
- titratable aciditye1
- Value
- r=-0.03e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not with the inorganic phosphate content(r=-0.03)”
e1“the titratable acidity was significantly correlated”
e2“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Total acidity showed the same correlation pattern as titratable acidity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Compound
- potassium contente1
- Outcome
- total aciditye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same was true for the total acidity”
e1“the titratable acidity was significantly correlated with the potassium content (r=0.96), but not with the inorganic phosphate content(r=-0.03)”
e2“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The phosphorus effect on acidity was interpreted as indirect.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- acidities of fruitse0
- Qualifier
- phosphorus effect seemed to be an indirect onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phosphorus effect seemed to be an indirect one on the acidities of fruits”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen lowered combined acidity and potassium content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- higher level of nitrogen (140ppm)e0
- Outcome
- combined acidity and the potassium contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- lower level (40ppm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined acidity and the potassium content at the higher level of nitrogen (140ppm) were lower than those at the lower level (40ppm)”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
At low potassium, higher nitrogen decreased titratable and total acidity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- higher level of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- titratabie and total aciditiese1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- lower level of potassiume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the lower level of potassium, the higher level of nitrogen decreased these acidities”
e1“On the titratabie and total acidities”
e2“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen significantly decreased gelatinous pulp weight as a percentage of fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- higher level of either nitrogene0
- Outcome
- Gelatinous pulp weight expressed as a percentage of whole fruite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gelatinous pulp weight expressed as a percentage of whole fruit was significantly decreased at the higher level of either nitrogen or phosphorus”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher phosphorus significantly decreased gelatinous pulp weight as a percentage of fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- Gelatinous pulp weight expressed as a percentage of whole fruite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gelatinous pulp weight expressed as a percentage of whole fruit was significantly decreased at the higher level of either nitrogen or phosphorus”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium levels did not affect gelatinous pulp weight percentage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- potassium levelse0
- Outcome
- Gelatinous pulp weight expressed as a percentage of whole fruite0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gelatinous pulp weight expressed as a percentage of whole fruit was significantly decreased at the higher level of either nitrogen or phosphorus, but not affected by potassium levels”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and phosphorus effects on fruit acidity and potassium content did not differ by tissue type.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- effects of nitrogen or phoshorus on the acidities and the potassium content were not different with regard to the kind of tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of nitrogen or phoshorus on the acidities and the potassium content were not different with regard to the kind of tissues”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium effects on titratable and total acidity and potassium content were greater in gelatinous pulp than wall tissue.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- gelatinous pulpe0
- Outcome
- effect of potassium on the titratable and total acidities and the potassium contente0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- wall tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effect of potassium on the titratable and total acidities and the potassium content were greater in gelatinous pulp than in wall tissues”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrogen supply lowered titratable and total acidity versus nitrate-only supply.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- ammonium nitrogen (NO3: NH4=5:5 or 3:7)e0
- Outcome
- Titratable and total aciditiese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- nitrate nitrogen only (10: 0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Titratable and total acidities of fruits supplied with ammonium nitrogen (NO3: NH4=5:5 or 3:7) were lower than those of fruits supplied with nitrate nitrogen only (10: 0)”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The 5:5 nitrogen solution decreased combined acidity and potassium content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- 5:5 solutione0
- Outcome
- Combined acidity and the potassium contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- nitrate nitrogen only (10: 0)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined acidity and the potassium content were, however, decreased at the 5:5 solution only”
e1“nitrate nitrogen only (10: 0)”
e2“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrogen lowered titratable acidity as a percentage of total acidity versus nitrate only.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- ammonium nitrogene0
- Outcome
- titratable acidity expressed as a percentage of total aciditye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- nitrate nitrogen onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The titratable acidity expressed as a percentage of total acidity was lower in the fruits supplied with ammonium nitrogen than those supplied with nitrate nitrogen only”
e1“acidity of tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
In volcanic ash soil pots, phosphorus had no significant effect on fruit acidity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- aciditiese0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Setting
- pots containing the volcanic ash soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus showed no significant effects on the acidities”
e1“plants grown in pots containing the volcanic ash soil”
e2“acidity of tomato fruits”
The same questions in other papers
potassium · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.