Abstract
Abstract In pot and field experiments cereals were grown with greatly differing rates of N, P and K applications. For maize and sorghum, soil moisture levels were also varied. N applications, P‐ and K‐deficiency, and moisture stress generally increased the total N content of grain, from 1.06 to 2.68, 1.01 to 2.42 and 0.81 to 2.33% (as % of DM) for maize, sorghum and rice, respectively. P, K and moisture stress affected the amino acid composition only indirectly through their effects on N concentration. In all three cereals increasing N concentrations were associated with decreases in crude protein of lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan and, generally, with increases of isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and glutamate. Lysine as a percentage of dry matter increased up to the highest N concentration in all three cereals. Linear regressions with significant correlation coefficients were found between concentrations of most (g 16 g −1 N) or all (mg 100 g −1 DM) amino acids and N content of grain. Based on all experimental data equations for lysine were: g 16 g −1 N=4.44–0.89 × %N; 4.23–0.86 × % N; 4.39–0.42 × % N for maize, sorghum and rice, respectively. Correction of P‐ and K‐deficiency decreased N content of grain and resulted in higher lysine content and better nutritional value of grain protein, whereas correction of N‐deficiency had the opposite effect. The amino acid composition of rice was much more balanced than that of maize and sorghum with a leucine/isoleucine ratio of 2 compared to that of 3 in maize and sorghum. In rat feeding experiments true digestibility of maize and sorghum protein was high (about 95%) but increased only slightly with increasing N in grain, whereas the biological value decreased considerably, from 63 to 55 and from 70 to 58, respectively. The chemical score underestimated the nutritional value of both cereal proteins.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
N application, nutrient deficiencies and moisture stress generally raised maize grain nitrogen content.
- Treatment
- N applications, P‐ and K‐deficiency, and moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- total N content of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.06 to 2.68e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N applications, P‐ and K‐deficiency, and moisture stress generally increased the total N content of grain, from 1.06 to 2.68, 1.01 to 2.42 and 0.81 to 2.33% (as % of DM) for maize, sorghum and rice, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments generally raised sorghum grain nitrogen content.
- Treatment
- N applications, P‐ and K‐deficiency, and moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- total N content of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.01 to 2.42e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N applications, P‐ and K‐deficiency, and moisture stress generally increased the total N content of grain, from 1.06 to 2.68, 1.01 to 2.42 and 0.81 to 2.33% (as % of DM) for maize, sorghum and rice, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments generally raised rice grain nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- N applications, P‐ and K‐deficiency, and moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- total N content of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.81 to 2.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N applications, P‐ and K‐deficiency, and moisture stress generally increased the total N content of grain, from 1.06 to 2.68, 1.01 to 2.42 and 0.81 to 2.33% (as % of DM) for maize, sorghum and rice, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
P, K and moisture stress affected amino acid composition indirectly through nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativa
Sorghum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- P, K and moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- amino acid compositione0
- Qualifier
- through their effects on N concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P, K and moisture stress affected the amino acid composition only indirectly through their effects on N concentration.”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen concentration was associated with lower lysine, methionine and cystine fractions of crude protein.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Compound
- N concentrationse0
- Outcome
- lysine, methionine, cystinee0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing N concentrations were associated with decreases in crude protein of lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen concentration was associated with lower threonine and tryptophan fractions.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Compound
- N concentrationse0
- Outcome
- threonine, tryptophane0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing N concentrations were associated with decreases in crude protein of lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen concentration generally increased isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine fractions.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Compound
- N concentrationst1
- Outcome
- isoleucine, leucine, phenylalaninee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases of isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and glutamate”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
t1“increasing N concentrations were associated with decreases in crude protein of lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen concentration generally increased glutamate fraction.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Compound
- N concentrationst1
- Outcome
- glutamatee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases of isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and glutamate”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
t1“increasing N concentrations were associated with decreases in crude protein of lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan”
Claim · model-written summary
Lysine as a fraction of dry matter increased up to the highest nitrogen concentration in all cereals.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Compound
- N concentratione0
- Outcome
- Lysine as a percentage of dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lysine as a percentage of dry matter increased up to the highest N concentration in all three cereals.”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid concentrations showed significant linear relationships with grain nitrogen.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Compound
- N content of graine0
- Outcome
- concentrations of most (g 16 g −1 N) or all (mg 100 g −1 DM) amino acidse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linear regressions with significant correlation coefficients were found between concentrations of most (g 16 g −1 N) or all (mg 100 g −1 DM) amino acids and N content of grain.”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Correcting P and K deficiencies reduced grain nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Correction of P‐ and K‐deficiencye0
- Outcome
- N content of graine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correction of P‐ and K‐deficiency decreased N content of grain”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Correcting P and K deficiencies increased lysine content and nutritional value.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Correction of P‐ and K‐deficiencye0
- Outcome
- lysine content and better nutritional value of grain proteine0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correction of P‐ and K‐deficiency decreased N content of grain and resulted in higher lysine content and better nutritional value of grain protein”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Correcting nitrogen deficiency had the opposite effect on grain composition and protein quality.
- Taxon
- maize, sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- correction of N‐deficiencye0
- Outcome
- opposite effecte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“correction of N‐deficiency had the opposite effect”
t0“maize, sorghum and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice amino acid composition was more balanced than maize and sorghum, with a leucine/isoleucine ratio of 2 versus 3.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- amino acid compositione0
- Direction
- much more balancede0
- Value
- 2e0
- Comparator
- maize and sorghume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amino acid composition of rice was much more balanced than that of maize and sorghum with a leucine/isoleucine ratio of 2 compared to that of 3 in maize and sorghum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize and sorghum protein true digestibility was high, about 95%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“true digestibility of maize and sorghum protein was high (about 95%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein true digestibility increased only slightly with increasing grain nitrogen.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased only slightly with increasing N in grain”
t0“maize and sorghum protein”
t1“true digestibility of maize and sorghum protein was high (about 95%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize protein biological value fell from 63 to 55 as grain nitrogen increased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the biological value decreased considerably, from 63 to 55 and from 70 to 58, respectively.”
t0“maize”
t1“increased only slightly with increasing N in grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum protein biological value fell from 70 to 58 as grain nitrogen increased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the biological value decreased considerably, from 63 to 55 and from 70 to 58, respectively.”
t0“sorghum”
t1“increased only slightly with increasing N in grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical score underestimated both cereal proteins nutritional value.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chemical score underestimated the nutritional value of both cereal proteins.”
t0“true digestibility of maize and sorghum protein”
The same questions in other papers
potassium · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
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- no effect
- negative
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See all 15 papers →potassium · quality: protein · SorghumPositive and negative results
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See all 6 papers →potassium · quality: protein · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
17 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.