Abstract
Abstract Pyriproxyfen, a novel juvenile hormone mimic, is a potent suppressor of embryogenesis and adult formation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum . Older eggs were affected to a lesser extent. Exposure of whitefly females to cotton or tomato seedlings treated with pyriproxyfen resulted in oviposition of non‐viable eggs. The LC 90 values for egg viability of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum exposed to treated plants were 0.05 and 0.2 mg litre −1 , respectively. Treatment of whitefly larvae with 0.04–5 mg litre −1 resulted in normal development until the pupal stage; however, adult emergence was totally suppressed. Second instars of B. tabaci exposed to 5 mg litre −1 pyriproxyfen, excreted honeydew at a level similar to the control level until the fourth instar (pupation), after which a strong reduction was observed. Inhibition of egg‐hatch on the lower surface of cotton leaves was observed when their upper surface was treated with 1–25 mg litre −1 , indicating a pronounced translaminar effect. These findings indicate that pyriproxyfen is an efficient control agent of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum . The compound has been used successfully for controlling whiteflies in Israeli cotton fields since 1991. Adults of B. tabaci collected from a rose greenhouse and from adjacent cotton fields were monitored during 1991–1993 for their susceptibility to pyriproxyfen. A high level of resistance was recorded in whiteflies collected from a greenhouse after three successive applications of pyriproxyfen. Based on LC 50 values, the resistance ratio for egg‐hatch suppression was 554‐fold and, for adult emergence failure, 10‐fold. However, a single treatment of pyriproxyfen in cotton fields during the summer season (according to an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy) did not alter appreciably the susceptibility of B. tabaci to this compound. In order to prevent development of resistance, an attempt should be made to restrict its use to one treatment per crop season applied during the peak activity of the pest. Pyriproxyfen can be alternated with other novel compounds such as buprofezin and diafenthiuron for controlling whiteflies in cotton, vegetables and ornamentals as part of integrated pest management (IPM) and IRM strategies. In pyriproxyfen‐ or buprofezin‐resistant strains of B. tabaci or T. vaporariorum , no appreciable cross‐resistance was observed among pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and diafenthiuron.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Dipping cotton or tomato seedlings in pyriproxyfen at 0.1 mg litre −1 suppressed egg hatch of Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum by over 90%.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomato
Gossypium hirsutum
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- pyriproxyfene0
- Interactor
- Bemisia tabaci
Bemisia tabacie0pest - Second interactor
- Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Trialeurodes vaporariorume0pest - Outcome
- egg hatche1
- Direction
- suppressione1
- Value
- over 90%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyriproxyfen, a novel juvenile hormone mimic, is a potent suppressor of embryogenesis and adult formation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)”
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC 90 values for egg viability of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum on treated plants were 0.05 and 0.2 mg litre −1.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomatoGossypium hirsutumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- treated plantse2
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie2pest
- Second interactor
- T. vaporariorumTrialeurodes vaporariorume2pest
- Outcome
- LC 90 values for egg viabilitye2
- Value
- 0.05 and 0.2 mg litre −1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
e2“The LC 90 values for egg viability of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum exposed to treated plants were 0.05 and 0.2 mg litre −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment of whitefly larvae with 0.04–5 mg litre −1 totally suppressed adult emergence.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomatoGossypium hirsutumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 0.04–5 mg litre −1e3
- Interactor
- whiteflye3pest
- Outcome
- adult emergencee3
- Direction
- totally suppressede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
e3“Treatment of whitefly larvae with 0.04–5 mg litre −1 resulted in normal development until the pupal stage; however, adult emergence was totally suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment of whitefly larvae with 0.04–5 mg litre −1 gave normal development until the pupal stage.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomatoGossypium hirsutumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 0.04–5 mg litre −1e3
- Interactor
- whiteflye3pest
- Outcome
- normal developmente3
- Qualifier
- until the pupal stagee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
e3“Treatment of whitefly larvae with 0.04–5 mg litre −1 resulted in normal development until the pupal stage; however, adult emergence was totally suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Second instars of B. tabaci exposed to 5 mg litre −1 pyriproxyfen showed a strong reduction in honeydew excretion after the fourth instar, compared with the control level.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomatoGossypium hirsutumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 5 mg litre −1 pyriproxyfene4
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie4pest
- Outcome
- honeydewe4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Comparator
- control levele4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
e4“Second instars of B. tabaci exposed to 5 mg litre −1 pyriproxyfen, excreted honeydew at a level similar to the control level until the fourth instar (pupation), after which a strong reduction was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition of egg‐hatch on the lower surface of cotton leaves occurred when the upper surface was treated with 1–25 mg litre −1, a translaminar effect.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume5
- Organ / stage
- lower surface of cotton leavese5
- Treatment
- 1–25 mg litre −1e5
- Outcome
- egg‐hatche5
- Direction
- Inhibitione5
- Qualifier
- translaminar effecte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Inhibition of egg‐hatch on the lower surface of cotton leaves was observed when their upper surface was treated with 1–25 mg litre −1 , indicating a pronounced translaminar effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Whiteflies from a greenhouse showed a high level of resistance after three successive applications of pyriproxyfen.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume6
- Treatment
- three successive applications of pyriproxyfene7
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie6pest
- Outcome
- resistancee7
- Qualifier
- high levele7
- Setting
- rose greenhousee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Adults of B. tabaci collected from a rose greenhouse and from adjacent cotton fields were monitored during 1991–1993 for their susceptibility to pyriproxyfen”
e7“A high level of resistance was recorded in whiteflies collected from a greenhouse after three successive applications of pyriproxyfen”
Claim · model-written summary
The resistance ratio for egg‐hatch suppression was 554‐fold based on LC 50 values.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume6
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie6pest
- Outcome
- resistance ratio for egg‐hatch suppressione7
- Value
- 554‐folde7
- Qualifier
- Based on LC 50 valuese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Adults of B. tabaci collected from a rose greenhouse and from adjacent cotton fields were monitored during 1991–1993 for their susceptibility to pyriproxyfen”
e7“Based on LC 50 values, the resistance ratio for egg‐hatch suppression was 554‐fold and, for adult emergence failure, 10‐fold”
Claim · model-written summary
The resistance ratio for adult emergence failure was 10-fold.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume6
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie6pest
- Outcome
- adult emergence failuree7
- Value
- 10‐folde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Adults of B. tabaci collected from a rose greenhouse and from adjacent cotton fields were monitored during 1991–1993 for their susceptibility to pyriproxyfen”
e7“Based on LC 50 values, the resistance ratio for egg‐hatch suppression was 554‐fold and, for adult emergence failure, 10‐fold”
Claim · model-written summary
A single treatment of pyriproxyfen in cotton fields did not alter appreciably the susceptibility of B. tabaci.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- a single treatment of pyriproxyfene0
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- did not alter appreciablye0
- Setting
- cotton fieldse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a single treatment of pyriproxyfen in cotton fields during the summer season (according to an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy) did not alter appreciably the susceptibility of B. tabaci to this compound”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyriproxyfen use should be restricted to one treatment per crop season applied during the peak activity of the pest, to prevent resistance.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomatoGossypium hirsutumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- restrict its use to one treatment per crop seasone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
e2“In order to prevent development of resistance, an attempt should be made to restrict its use to one treatment per crop season applied during the peak activity of the pest”
Claim · model-written summary
No appreciable cross-resistance was observed among pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and diafenthiuron in resistant whitefly strains.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomatoGossypium hirsutumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie2pest
- Outcome
- cross‐resistancee2
- Direction
- no appreciablee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
e2“In pyriproxyfen‐ or buprofezin‐resistant strains of B. tabaci or T. vaporariorum , no appreciable cross‐resistance was observed among pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and diafenthiuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Older eggs were affected to a lesser extent by pyriproxyfen than 0 to 1-day-old eggs.
- Taxon
- cotton or tomatoGossypium hirsutumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- pyriproxyfene0
- Outcome
- affectede2
- Direction
- lesser extente2
- Comparator
- 0 to 1‐day‐old eggse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyriproxyfen, a novel juvenile hormone mimic, is a potent suppressor of embryogenesis and adult formation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)”
e1“Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1‐day‐old eggs in 0.1 mg litre −1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum”
e2“Older eggs were affected to a lesser extent”
The same questions in other papers
pyriproxyfen · Bemisia tabaci · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.