Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) gas was generated from a mixture of sodium chlorite and ferric chloride plus water (impregnated into zeolite) in a Tyvek sachet over a 2- or 24-h period. The gas was distributed by a fan over wound-inoculated tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum) enclosed in a sealed aluminum pressure cooker. Within 24 h of inoculation with 6 log 10 CFU of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora per wound and storage at 22 to 24°C, bacterial soft rot was observed on >80% of the nontreated wounds (10 wounds/fruit and 4 or 6 fruit/treatment). By contrast, wounds that had been exposed to an atmosphere containing up to 99 mg ClO 2 during a 2- or 24-h period remained firm and dry with no evidence of bacterial activity or soft rot. After 72 h of incubation, wounds exposed to 88 mg ClO 2 produced over 24 h or 99 mg ClO 2 produced over 2 h were free of decay, whereas bacterial soft rot was observed in ca. 12% and less than 5% of wounds treated with 0.75 mg or 7.5 mg, respectively, for either 2 or 24 h. Wounds that had not been inoculated remained free of bacterial soft rot throughout the entire storage period. Wounds exposed to the highest doses of ClO 2 , 88 mg/24 h or 99 mg/2 h, became bleached and sunken. Additionally, the stem scars on these fruit became cracked, sunken, and bleached. The intact cuticle was not visibly affected, and there was no observed change in overall fruit color. ClO 2 gas may be effective for controlling postharvest decays of fruit that have been inoculated prior to or during harvest.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated inoculated tomato wounds developed bacterial soft rot at more than 80% incidence within 24 hours.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- woundse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with 6 log 10 CFU of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora per wounde0
- Interactor
- Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorume0pathogen - Outcome
- bacterial soft rote0
- Value
- >80%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within 24 h of inoculation with 6 log 10 CFU of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora per wound and storage at 22 to 24°C, bacterial soft rot was observed on >80% of the nontreated wounds”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine dioxide exposure up to 99 mg kept inoculated tomato wounds firm and dry without bacterial soft rot.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- woundse0
- Treatment
- up to 99 mg ClO 2 during a 2- or 24-h periode0
- Interactor
- Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovoraPectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorume1pathogen
- Outcome
- firm and dry with no evidence of bacterial activity or soft rote0
- Comparator
- nontreated woundse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wounds that had been exposed to an atmosphere containing up to 99 mg ClO 2 during a 2- or 24-h period remained firm and dry with no evidence of bacterial activity or soft rot”
t0“Tomatoes”
e1“Within 24 h of inoculation with 6 log 10 CFU of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora per wound and storage at 22 to 24°C, bacterial soft rot was observed on >80% of the nontreated wounds”
Claim · model-written summary
After 72 hours, wounds exposed to 88 mg chlorine dioxide over 24 hours were free of decay.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- woundse0
- Treatment
- 88 mg ClO 2 produced over 24 he0
- Outcome
- free of decaye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 72 h of incubation, wounds exposed to 88 mg ClO 2 produced over 24 h or 99 mg ClO 2 produced over 2 h were free of decay”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
After 72 hours, wounds exposed to 99 mg chlorine dioxide over 2 hours were free of decay.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- woundse0
- Treatment
- 99 mg ClO 2 produced over 2 he0
- Outcome
- free of decaye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 72 h of incubation, wounds exposed to 88 mg ClO 2 produced over 24 h or 99 mg ClO 2 produced over 2 h were free of decay”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
About 12% of wounds treated with 0.75 mg chlorine dioxide developed soft rot after 72 hours.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- woundse0
- Treatment
- 0.75 mge0
- Outcome
- bacterial soft rote0
- Value
- ca. 12%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial soft rot was observed in ca. 12% and less than 5% of wounds treated with 0.75 mg or 7.5 mg, respectively, for either 2 or 24 h”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Less than 5% of wounds treated with 7.5 mg chlorine dioxide developed soft rot after 72 hours.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- woundse0
- Treatment
- 7.5 mge0
- Outcome
- bacterial soft rote0
- Value
- less than 5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial soft rot was observed in ca. 12% and less than 5% of wounds treated with 0.75 mg or 7.5 mg, respectively, for either 2 or 24 h”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated tomato wounds stayed free of bacterial soft rot through storage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Woundse0
- Treatment
- not been inoculatede0
- Outcome
- free of bacterial soft rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounds that had not been inoculated remained free of bacterial soft rot throughout the entire storage period”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest chlorine dioxide dose bleached and depressed tomato wounds.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Woundse0
- Treatment
- 88 mg/24 h or 99 mg/2 he0
- Outcome
- bleached and sunkene0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounds exposed to the highest doses of ClO 2 , 88 mg/24 h or 99 mg/2 h, became bleached and sunken”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem scars on fruit at the highest chlorine dioxide doses cracked, sank, and bleached.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- stem scarse0
- Outcome
- cracked, sunken, and bleachede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the stem scars on these fruit became cracked, sunken, and bleached”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The intact cuticle was not visibly affected by chlorine dioxide exposure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- intact cuticlee0
- Outcome
- not visibly affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The intact cuticle was not visibly affected”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall tomato fruit color did not visibly change following chlorine dioxide exposure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- overall fruit colore0
- Direction
- no observed changee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no observed change in overall fruit color”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest chlorine dioxide gas may control postharvest decay of fruit inoculated near harvest.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ClO 2 gase0
- Outcome
- controlling postharvest decayse0
- Qualifier
- may be effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ClO 2 gas may be effective for controlling postharvest decays of fruit that have been inoculated prior to or during harvest”
t0“Tomatoes”
The same questions in other papers
chloryl group · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.