Abstract
Since the leaf apoplast is a primary habitat for many plant pathogens, apoplastic proteins are potent, ancient targets for apoplastic effectors secreted by plant pathogens. So far, however, only a few apoplastic effector targets have been identified and characterized. Here, we discovered that the papain-like cysteine protease C14 is a new common target of EPIC1 and EPIC2B, two apoplastic, cystatin-like proteins secreted by the potato (Solanum tuberosum) late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. C14 is a secreted protease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato typified by a carboxyl-terminal granulin domain. The EPIC-C14 interaction occurs at a wide pH range and is stronger than the previously described interactions of EPICs with tomato defense proteases PIP1 and RCR3. The selectivity of the EPICs is also different when compared with the AVR2 effector of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, which targets PIP1 and RCR3, and only at apoplastic pH. Importantly, silencing of C14 increased susceptibility to P. infestans, demonstrating that this protease plays a role in pathogen defense. Although C14 is under conservative selection in tomato, it is under diversifying selection in wild potato species (Solanum demissum, Solanum verrucosum, and Solanum stoliniferum) that are the natural hosts of P. infestans. These data reveal a novel effector target in the apoplast that contributes to immunity and is under diversifying selection, but only in the natural host of the pathogen.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
C14 is a common target of two P. infestans effectors.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Interactor
- Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestanse0pathogen - Gene
- C14e0
- Outcome
- C14e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the papain-like cysteine protease C14 is a new common target of EPIC1 and EPIC2B, two apoplastic, cystatin-like proteins secreted by the potato (Solanum tuberosum) late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
C14 is a secreted protease with a carboxyl-terminal granulin domain in tomato and potato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Gene
- C14e0
- Outcome
- secreted proteasee0
- Qualifier
- carboxyl-terminal granulin domaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C14 is a secreted protease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato typified by a carboxyl-terminal granulin domain”
Claim · model-written summary
EPIC-C14 interaction persists across a wide pH range and exceeds previously described EPIC interactions with PIP1 and RCR3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Gene
- C14e0
- Outcome
- EPIC-C14 interactione0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Qualifier
- wide pH rangee0
- Comparator
- PIP1 and RCR3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The EPIC-C14 interaction occurs at a wide pH range and is stronger than the previously described interactions of EPICs with tomato defense proteases PIP1 and RCR3”
Claim · model-written summary
EPIC selectivity differs from AVR2, which targets PIP1 and RCR3 only at apoplastic pH.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- Cladosporium fulvum
Fulvia fulvae0pathogen - Outcome
- selectivity of the EPICse0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- AVR2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The selectivity of the EPICs is also different when compared with the AVR2 effector of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, which targets PIP1 and RCR3, and only at apoplastic pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing C14 increased susceptibility to P. infestans.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Treatment
- silencing of C14e0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Gene
- C14e0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to P. infestanse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing of C14 increased susceptibility to P. infestans”
t0“An Effector-Targeted Protease Contributes to Defense against Phytophthora infestans and Is under Diversifying Selection in Natural Hosts”
e1“the potato (Solanum tuberosum) late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
C14 is under conservative selection in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Gene
- C14e0
- Outcome
- conservative selectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C14 is under conservative selection in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
C14 is under diversifying selection in three wild potato species.
Verbatim
e0“it is under diversifying selection in wild potato species (Solanum demissum, Solanum verrucosum, and Solanum stoliniferum)”
t0“An Effector-Targeted Protease Contributes to Defense against Phytophthora infestans and Is under Diversifying Selection in Natural Hosts”
e1“Although C14 is under conservative selection in tomato”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 31 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.