Abstract
<ja:p>Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland. In order to test the B deficiency hypothesis and explore the possibilities of curing the disturbed trees with B fertilization, three experiments were established in October 1999 in young Norway spruce stands growing on fertile sites in eastern Finland. All the stands contained healthy, slightly and severely damaged trees with growth disturbances typical of B deficiency (B < 5 mg kg–1). 40 healthy, 40 slightly damaged, and 40 severely damaged trees were selected as sample trees in each stand. In May 2000, the trees were fertilized with 2.0 kg B ha–1 as borax (B), 2.0 kg B ha–1 and 40 kg P ha–1 as superphosphate (B+P) or 200 kg N ha–1 as urea (N). The control trees were not fertilized (0). The needle response to B fertilization was rapid, relatively high B concentrations being achieved already after one growing season. Boron fertilization cured the growth disorders and increased height growth within four years, but had no effect on diameter growth. The trees also recovered without B fertilization, but to a lesser extent compared to the B fertilized trees. Compared to the control, boron fertilization increased the height growth in all the disorder classes, i.e. 5, 17 and 19 cm yr–1 for healthy, slightly and severely damaged trees, respectively. As the healthy trees also seemed to benefit from B fertilization, this indicates that B deficiency in fact retards height growth before any disorder symptoms become apparent in individual trees. Compared with B alone, the application of P together with B gave no additional benefit. Nitrogen fertilization alone appeared to have a detrimental effect on height growth in the severely disturbed trees.</ja:p>
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Boron fertilization cured the growth disorders of Norway spruce trees in eastern Finland.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce
Picea abiese1 - Treatment
- Boron fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- growth disorderse3
- Direction
- curede3
- Setting
- eastern Finlande1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland”
e3“Boron fertilization cured the growth disorders and increased height growth within four years, but had no effect on diameter growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron fertilization had no effect on diameter growth of Norway spruce trees.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Treatment
- Boron fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- diameter growthe3
- Direction
- had no effecte3
- Setting
- eastern Finlande1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland”
e3“Boron fertilization cured the growth disorders and increased height growth within four years, but had no effect on diameter growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Norway spruce trees recovered without B fertilization, but to a lesser extent than B-fertilized trees.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Treatment
- without B fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- recoverede4
- Direction
- to a lesser extente4
- Comparator
- B fertilized treese4
- Setting
- eastern Finlande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland”
e4“The trees also recovered without B fertilization, but to a lesser extent compared to the B fertilized trees”
Claim · model-written summary
B fertilization gave a rapid needle response, with relatively high B concentrations after one growing season.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Organ / stage
- needlee5
- Treatment
- B fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- B concentrationse5
- Direction
- relatively highe5
- Qualifier
- after one growing seasone5
- Setting
- eastern Finlande1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland”
e5“The needle response to B fertilization was rapid, relatively high B concentrations being achieved already after one growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding P to B gave no additional benefit compared with B alone in Norway spruce.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Treatment
- the application of P together with Be6
- Outcome
- benefite6
- Direction
- no additional benefite6
- Comparator
- B alonee6
- Setting
- eastern Finlande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland”
e6“Compared with B alone, the application of P together with B gave no additional benefit”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization alone had a detrimental effect on height growth of severely disturbed Norway spruce trees.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilization alonee7
- Outcome
- height growthe7
- Direction
- detrimental effecte7
- Qualifier
- in the severely disturbed treese7
- Setting
- eastern Finlande1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland”
e7“Nitrogen fertilization alone appeared to have a detrimental effect on height growth in the severely disturbed trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that B deficiency retards height growth before disorder symptoms are visible in individual Norway spruce trees.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye2
- Outcome
- height growthe2
- Qualifier
- before any disorder symptoms become apparent in individual treese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Growth disturbance symptoms typical of B deficiency have been reported on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in many parts of eastern Finland”
e2“this indicates that B deficiency in fact retards height growth before any disorder symptoms become apparent in individual trees”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · growth · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
boron atom · nutrient: content · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
fertilization · nutrient: content · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →fertilization · growth · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.