Abstract
Changes in LT50 and carbohydrate levels in response to cold acclimation were monitored in vitro and in vivo in red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars with different levels of cold hardiness. Entire micropropagated plantlets or shoot tips from 3 cultivars were harvested before, during and after cold acclimation. Cane samples from container‐grown plants of 4 cultivars were harvested before and during cold acclimation and deacclimation. Samples were evaluated for cold hardiness (LT50) by controlled freezing, then analyzed for carbohydrates, including starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose and raffinose. Hardiness of cold‐acclimated ‘Muskoka’ and ‘Festival’ was superior to that of ‘Titan’ or ‘Willamette’. In vitro plantlets had higher levels of soluble carbohydrates on a dry weight basis and higher ratios of sucrose:(glucose+fructose) than the container‐grown plants. Total soluble carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, accumulated during cold acclimation in both plantlets (33–56% relative increase) and plants (143–191% relative increase). Sucrose increased 124–165% in plantlets and 253–582% in container‐grown plants during acclimation and declined rapidly to the level of control plants during deacclimation. Glucose and fructose also accumulated, but to a lesser extent than sucrose. Raffinose concentrations were very low, but increased significantly during cold acclimation. In vitro, genotype hardiness was related to the high concentrations of total soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and raffinose. In vivo, hardier genotypes had lower concentrations of starch than the less hardy genotypes. These results demonstrated the importance of soluble carbohydrates, especially sucrose, in cold hardening of red raspberry and that the in vitro conditions or controlled acclimation conditions do not necessarily reflect the phenomena observed in vivo.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cold-acclimated Muskoka and Festival were hardier than Titan and Willamette.
- Taxon
- red raspberry
_Rubus_idaeus_-_Feuillage.jpg?width=60)
Rubus idaeust0 - Material
- ‘Muskoka’ and ‘Festival’e0
- Outcome
- Hardinesse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- ‘Titan’ or ‘Willamette’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Rubus_idaeus_-_Feuillage.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Hardiness of cold‐acclimated ‘Muskoka’ and ‘Festival’ was superior to that of ‘Titan’ or ‘Willamette’.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro plantlets had higher soluble carbohydrate levels than container-grown plants.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Material
- In vitro plantletse0
- Outcome
- levels of soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- container‐grown plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro plantlets had higher levels of soluble carbohydrates on a dry weight basis and higher ratios of sucrose:(glucose+fructose) than the container‐grown plants.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro plantlets had higher sucrose:(glucose+fructose) ratios than container-grown plants.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Outcome
- ratios of sucrose:(glucose+fructose)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- container‐grown plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro plantlets had higher levels of soluble carbohydrates on a dry weight basis and higher ratios of sucrose:(glucose+fructose) than the container‐grown plants.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble carbohydrates rose 33–56% in plantlets during cold acclimation.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Organ / stage
- plantletse0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- Total soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- 33–56% relative increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total soluble carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, accumulated during cold acclimation in both plantlets (33–56% relative increase) and plants (143–191% relative increase).”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble carbohydrates rose 143–191% in plants during cold acclimation.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Organ / stage
- plantse0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- Total soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- 143–191% relative increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total soluble carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, accumulated during cold acclimation in both plantlets (33–56% relative increase) and plants (143–191% relative increase).”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose increased 124–165% in plantlets during acclimation.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Organ / stage
- plantletse0
- Treatment
- acclimatione0
- Outcome
- Sucrosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 124–165%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose increased 124–165% in plantlets and 253–582% in container‐grown plants during acclimation and declined rapidly to the level of control plants during deacclimation.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose increased 253–582% in container-grown plants during acclimation.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Organ / stage
- container‐grown plantse0
- Treatment
- acclimatione0
- Outcome
- Sucrosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 253–582%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose increased 124–165% in plantlets and 253–582% in container‐grown plants during acclimation and declined rapidly to the level of control plants during deacclimation.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose rapidly declined to control levels during deacclimation.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Treatment
- deacclimatione0
- Outcome
- Sucrosee0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose increased 124–165% in plantlets and 253–582% in container‐grown plants during acclimation and declined rapidly to the level of control plants during deacclimation.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose and fructose accumulated less than sucrose.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Outcome
- Glucose and fructosee0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Comparator
- sucrosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glucose and fructose also accumulated, but to a lesser extent than sucrose.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Raffinose concentration increased significantly during cold acclimation despite low levels.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- Raffinose concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Raffinose concentrations were very low, but increased significantly during cold acclimation.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro hardiness was related to high total soluble carbohydrate, sucrose, and raffinose levels.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Compound
- total soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and raffinosee0
- Outcome
- genotype hardinesse0
- Setting
- In vitroe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro, genotype hardiness was related to the high concentrations of total soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and raffinose.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In vivo hardier genotypes had lower starch concentrations than less hardy genotypes.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeust0
- Material
- hardier genotypese0
- Outcome
- concentrations of starche0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- less hardy genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vivo, hardier genotypes had lower concentrations of starch than the less hardy genotypes.”
t0“red raspberry cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro conditions did not necessarily reflect carbohydrate and hardiness phenomena in vivo.
- Taxon
- red raspberryRubus idaeuse0
- Outcome
- phenomena observed in vivoe0
- Qualifier
- in vitro conditions or controlled acclimation conditionse0
- Comparator
- in vivoe0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results demonstrated the importance of soluble carbohydrates, especially sucrose, in cold hardening of red raspberry and that the in vitro conditions or controlled acclimation conditions do not necessarily reflect the phenomena observed in vivo.”
The same questions in other papers
cold · quality: sugar starch · Rubus idaeus (red raspberry)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.