Abstract
Abstract The appearance of the so‐called “bull‐whip”; in leaves of maize plants has been recognized as a calcium deficiency symptom. Another characteristic symptom, in which the leaf edges of maize plants become serrated and curl, is often observed when there is a low calcium supply, especially in solution cultures. The effects of several factors on this symptom were investigated using solution cultures. The occurrence of the symptom was scarcely affected by micro‐nutrients and silicon, and it became severe with high levels of magnesium, potassium, ammonium and sodium salts, or when the nutrient solution was at a high temperature. However, the serration and curling in maize leaves essentially seems to be caused by a calcium deficiency, because maize plants, whose leaves showed this symptom along with a low calcium level, produced healthy leaves after being supplied with a sufficient amount of calcium. A similar symptom was found in sorghum plants with low calcium levels. The development of the symptom differed with different cultivars of maize and of sorghum plants. The difference in the capacity to absorb calcium is discussed in relation to the emergence of this characteristic symptom of a calcium deficiency in plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Maize leaf serration and curling was observed under low calcium supply.
- Organ / stage
- leaf edgese0
- Outcome
- leaf edges of maize plants become serrated and curle0
- Qualifier
- low calcium supplye0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the leaf edges of maize plants become serrated and curl, is often observed when there is a low calcium supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrients and silicon scarcely affected the maize symptom.
- Treatment
- micro‐nutrients and silicone0
- Outcome
- occurrence of the symptome0
- Direction
- scarcely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The occurrence of the symptom was scarcely affected by micro‐nutrients and silicon”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High magnesium levels made the maize symptom severe.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it became severe with high levels of magnesium, potassium, ammonium and sodium salts”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High potassium levels made the maize symptom severe.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it became severe with high levels of magnesium, potassium, ammonium and sodium salts”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High ammonium levels made the maize symptom severe.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it became severe with high levels of magnesium, potassium, ammonium and sodium salts”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High sodium salts made the maize symptom severe.
- Treatment
- high levels of magnesium, potassium, ammonium and sodium saltse0
- Outcome
- it became severee0
- Direction
- severee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it became severe with high levels of magnesium, potassium, ammonium and sodium salts”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High nutrient solution temperature made the maize symptom severe.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it became severe with high levels of magnesium, potassium, ammonium and sodium salts, or when the nutrient solution was at a high temperature”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplying sufficient calcium restored healthy maize leaves after symptoms at low calcium.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- supplied with a sufficient amount of calciume0
- Outcome
- produced healthy leavese0
- Comparator
- low calcium levele0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants, whose leaves showed this symptom along with a low calcium level, produced healthy leaves after being supplied with a sufficient amount of calcium”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum plants with low calcium levels showed a similar symptom.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar symptom was found in sorghum plants with low calcium levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Development of the symptom differed among maize cultivars.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of the symptom differed with different cultivars of maize and of sorghum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Development of the symptom differed among sorghum cultivars.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of the symptom differed with different cultivars of maize and of sorghum plants”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.