Abstract
BACKGROUND: Weed management in glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States relies almost exclusively on glyphosate, which raises criticism for facilitating shifts in weed populations. In 2006, the benchmark study, a field-scale investigation, was initiated in three different GR cropping systems to characterize academic recommendations for weed management and to determine the level to which these recommendations would reduce weed population shifts. RESULTS: A majority of growers used glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed management, as opposed to 98% of the academic recommendations implementing at least two herbicide active ingredients and modes of action. The additional herbicides were applied with glyphosate and as soil residual treatments. The greater herbicide diversity with academic recommendations reduced weed population densities before and after post-emergence herbicide applications in 2006 and 2007, particularly in continuous GR crops. CONCLUSION: Diversifying herbicides reduces weed population densities and lowers the risk of weed population shifts and the associated potential for the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds in continuous GR crops. Altered weed management practices (e.g. herbicides or tillage) enabled by rotating crops, whether GR or non-GR, improves weed management and thus minimizes the effectiveness of only using chemical tactics to mitigate weed population shifts.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Most growers used glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed management in GR crops.
- Taxon
- maize, cotton and soybean
Gossypium hirsutum
Glycine max
Zea mayse0 - Outcome
- glyphosate as the only herbicidee1
- Setting
- United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed management in glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States”
e1“A majority of growers used glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed management”
Claim · model-written summary
Academic recommendations implementing at least two herbicide active ingredients and modes of action were 98% of the recommendations.
- Taxon
- maize, cotton and soybeanGossypium hirsutumGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Outcome
- academic recommendations implementing at least two herbicide active ingredients and modes of actione2
- Value
- 98%e2
- Setting
- United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed management in glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States”
e2“as opposed to 98% of the academic recommendations implementing at least two herbicide active ingredients and modes of action”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater herbicide diversity with academic recommendations reduced weed population densities in GR crops in 2006 and 2007.
- Taxon
- maize, cotton and soybeanGossypium hirsutumGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- greater herbicide diversity with academic recommendationse3
- Outcome
- weed population densitiese3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- particularly in continuous GR cropse3
- Comparator
- growers used glyphosate as the only herbicidee1
- Setting
- United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed management in glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States”
e1“A majority of growers used glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed management”
e3“The greater herbicide diversity with academic recommendations reduced weed population densities before and after post-emergence herbicide applications in 2006 and 2007, particularly in continuous GR crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversifying herbicides lowers the risk of weed population shifts in GR crops.
- Taxon
- maize, cotton and soybeanGossypium hirsutumGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- Diversifying herbicidese4
- Outcome
- risk of weed population shiftse4
- Direction
- lowerse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed management in glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States”
e4“Diversifying herbicides reduces weed population densities and lowers the risk of weed population shifts”
Claim · model-written summary
Altered weed management practices enabled by rotating crops improve weed management and minimize the effectiveness of using only chemical tactics.
- Taxon
- maize, cotton and soybeanGossypium hirsutumGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- rotating cropse5
- Outcome
- weed managemente5
- Comparator
- only using chemical tacticse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed management in glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States”
e5“Altered weed management practices (e.g. herbicides or tillage) enabled by rotating crops, whether GR or non-GR, improves weed management and thus minimizes the effectiveness of only using chemical tactics to mitigate weed population shifts”
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See all 406 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.