Abstract
We evaluated human urine and chicken feces, two naturally occurring, inexpensive, and readily available substances, as baits for the capture of Anostrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) by using glass McPhail traps. Two studies were performed simultaneously in a commercial mango orchard in Veracruz, México. In the first study, we compared a 50% water dilution of human urine against hydrolyzed protein, both compounds at the fresh and 5-d-old stages, and water alone (control treatment). In the second study, we tested fresh chicken feces mixed with water, a torula yeast/borax solution at three different ages (1-4, 5-9, and 10-15 d), and water (control treatment). Both human urine and chicken feces were attractive to Anastrepha adults compared with water alone, but attracted two and three times fewer adults than hydrolyzed protein and torula yeast/borax, respectively. However, unlike torula yeast/borax, aging of human urine did not decrease its attractiveness. Five-day old human urine attracted numerically more A. serpentina females than males, similar numbers of A. obliqua males and females, and significantly more sexually immature A. obliqua females than mature ones. Chicken feces proved to be as attractive as the aged torula yeast/borax treatments for A. obliqua and A. serpentina. We argue that because both human urine and chicken feces are cost-free and can be easily obtained, they are viable, low-technology alternatives to costly commercial attractants, particularly for low-income growers or backyard farmers in Mexico and other Latin American countries.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Human urine and chicken feces attracted Anastrepha adults more than water alone but fewer than commercial baits.
- Taxon
- Anastrepha
Anastrephae0 - Treatment
- human urine and chicken fecese0
- Outcome
- Anastrepha adultse0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Value
- two and three timese0
- Comparator
- water alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both human urine and chicken feces were attractive to Anastrepha adults compared with water alone, but attracted two and three times fewer adults than hydrolyzed protein and torula yeast/borax, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aging human urine did not decrease attractiveness, unlike torula yeast/borax.
- Taxon
- AnastrephaAnastrephae1
- Treatment
- aging of human urinee0
- Outcome
- attractivenesse0
- Direction
- did not decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unlike torula yeast/borax, aging of human urine did not decrease its attractiveness”
t0“Fruit Fly”
e1“Both human urine and chicken feces were attractive to Anastrepha adults”
Claim · model-written summary
Five-day old human urine caught numerically more A. serpentina females than males.
- Taxon
- A. serpentina
Anastrepha serpentinae0 - Treatment
- Five-day old human urinee0
- Outcome
- femalese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- malese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five-day old human urine attracted numerically more A. serpentina females than males”
Claim · model-written summary
Five-day old human urine attracted similar numbers of A. obliqua males and females.
- Taxon
- A. obliqua
Anastrepha obliquae0 - Outcome
- numbers of A. obliqua males and femalese0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar numbers of A. obliqua males and females”
Claim · model-written summary
Five-day old human urine attracted significantly more immature than mature A. obliqua females.
- Taxon
- A. obliquaAnastrepha obliquae0
- Outcome
- sexually immature A. obliqua femalese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- mature onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly more sexually immature A. obliqua females than mature ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicken feces was as attractive as aged torula yeast/borax for A. obliqua.
- Taxon
- A. obliquaAnastrepha obliquae0
- Treatment
- Chicken fecese0
- Outcome
- attractivee0
- Direction
- as attractive ase0
- Comparator
- aged torula yeast/borax treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chicken feces proved to be as attractive as the aged torula yeast/borax treatments for A. obliqua and A. serpentina”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicken feces was as attractive as aged torula yeast/borax for A. serpentina.
- Taxon
- A. serpentinaAnastrepha serpentinae0
- Treatment
- Chicken fecese0
- Outcome
- attractivee0
- Direction
- as attractive ase0
- Comparator
- aged torula yeast/borax treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chicken feces proved to be as attractive as the aged torula yeast/borax treatments for A. obliqua and A. serpentina”