Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Global warming is gaining significance as a threat to natural and managed ecosystems since temperature is one of the major environmental factors affecting plant productivity. Hence, the effects of moderate temperature increase on the growth and development of the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum) were investigated. METHODS: Plants were grown at 32/26 degrees C as a moderately elevated temperature stress (METS) treatment or at 28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control with natural light conditions. Vegetative growth and reproductive development as well as sugar content and metabolism, proline content and translocation in the androecium were investigated. KEY RESULTS: METS did not cause a significant change in biomass, the number of flowers, or the number of pollen grains produced, but there was a significant decrease in the number of fruit set, pollen viability and the number of pollen grains released. Glucose and fructose contents in the androecium (i.e. all stamens from one flower) were generally higher in the control than METS, but sucrose was higher in METS. Coincidently, the mRNA transcript abundance of acid invertase in the androecium was decreased by METS. Proline contents in the androecium were almost the same in the control and METS, while the mRNA transcript level of proline transporter 1, which expresses specifically at the surface of microspores, was significantly decreased by METS. CONCLUSIONS: The research indicated that failure of tomato fruit set under a moderately increased temperature above optimal is due to the disruption of sugar metabolism and proline translocation during the narrow window of male reproductive development.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
METS did not significantly change biomass.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- did not cause a significant changee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“METS did not cause a significant change in biomass, the number of flowers, or the number of pollen grains produced, but there was a significant decrease in the number of fruit set, pollen viability and the number of pollen grains released”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
METS did not significantly change number of flowers.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- number of flowerse0
- Direction
- did not cause a significant changee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“METS did not cause a significant change in biomass, the number of flowers, or the number of pollen grains produced, but there was a significant decrease in the number of fruit set, pollen viability and the number of pollen grains released”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
METS did not significantly change number of pollen grains produced.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- number of pollen grains producede0
- Direction
- did not cause a significant changee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“METS did not cause a significant change in biomass, the number of flowers, or the number of pollen grains produced, but there was a significant decrease in the number of fruit set, pollen viability and the number of pollen grains released”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
METS significantly decreased number of fruit set.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- number of fruit sete0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“METS did not cause a significant change in biomass, the number of flowers, or the number of pollen grains produced, but there was a significant decrease in the number of fruit set, pollen viability and the number of pollen grains released”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
METS significantly decreased pollen viability.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“METS did not cause a significant change in biomass, the number of flowers, or the number of pollen grains produced, but there was a significant decrease in the number of fruit set, pollen viability and the number of pollen grains released”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
METS significantly decreased number of pollen grains released.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- number of pollen grains releasede0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“METS did not cause a significant change in biomass, the number of flowers, or the number of pollen grains produced, but there was a significant decrease in the number of fruit set, pollen viability and the number of pollen grains released”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose content in the androecium was generally higher in control than METS.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- androeciume0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- Glucosee0
- Direction
- higher in the control than METSe0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glucose and fructose contents in the androecium (i.e. all stamens from one flower) were generally higher in the control than METS, but sucrose was higher in METS”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
fructose content in the androecium was generally higher in control than METS.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- androeciume0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- fructosee0
- Direction
- higher in the control than METSe0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glucose and fructose contents in the androecium (i.e. all stamens from one flower) were generally higher in the control than METS, but sucrose was higher in METS”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose content in the androecium was higher under METS.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- androeciume0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- sucrosee0
- Direction
- higher in METSe0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glucose and fructose contents in the androecium (i.e. all stamens from one flower) were generally higher in the control than METS, but sucrose was higher in METS”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
METS decreased acid invertase transcript abundance in the androecium.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- androeciume0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Gene
- acid invertasee0
- Outcome
- mRNA transcript abundance of acid invertasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mRNA transcript abundance of acid invertase in the androecium was decreased by METS”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline content in the androecium was almost the same under METS and control.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- androeciume0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Outcome
- Proline contentse0
- Direction
- almost the samee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline contents in the androecium were almost the same in the control and METS”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
METS significantly decreased the transcript level of proline transporter 1.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- microsporese0
- Treatment
- METSe0
- Gene
- proline transporter 1e0
- Outcome
- mRNA transcript level of proline transporter 1e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mRNA transcript level of proline transporter 1, which expresses specifically at the surface of microspores, was significantly decreased by METS”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
e1“28/22 degrees C (day/night temperatures) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute failure of tomato fruit set under moderate warming to disrupted sugar metabolism and proline translocation during male reproductive development.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- failure of tomato fruit sete0
- Qualifier
- disruption of sugar metabolism and proline translocatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“failure of tomato fruit set under a moderately increased temperature above optimal is due to the disruption of sugar metabolism and proline translocation during the narrow window of male reproductive development”
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