Abstract
Interacting effects of controlled heat from electric heating cables 15 cm below the surface and of polystyrene insulation on the soil surface were studied over four seasons on an imperfectly drained outwash soil at Guelph, Canada. Heating to 22 C advanced germination of corn (Zea mays L.) by three days, improved emergence, advanced growth and increased yield at maturity. Insulation retarded germination, early growth and silking, but increased yields in three of the four years. Where heating decreased ear moisture content at harvest, insulation increased it. Heat combined with insulation gave the greatest response in growth, advance in silking, and increase in yield. The season with favorable soil temperature combined with low air temperature gave the highest yield of the four years. Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting advanced development and increased yields, but did not produce a statistically significant interacting effect with heat and insulation. However, fertilizer phosphorus uptake early in the season was markedly increased by heat and insulation. It was concluded that insulation can favor yield, provided that soil temperature is maintained near optimum.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Heating to 22 C advanced corn germination by three days.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- Heating to 22 Ce1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- advancede1
- Value
- three dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Heating to 22 C advanced germination of corn (Zea mays L.) by three days”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating to 22 C improved corn emergence.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Heating to 22 Ce2
- Outcome
- emergencee2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Heating to 22 C advanced germination of corn (Zea mays L.) by three days, improved emergence, advanced growth and increased yield at maturity”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating to 22 C advanced corn growth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Heating to 22 Ce2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- advancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Heating to 22 C advanced germination of corn (Zea mays L.) by three days, improved emergence, advanced growth and increased yield at maturity”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating to 22 C increased corn yield at maturity.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Heating to 22 Ce2
- Outcome
- yield at maturitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Heating to 22 C advanced germination of corn (Zea mays L.) by three days, improved emergence, advanced growth and increased yield at maturity”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Insulating the soil retarded corn germination, early growth and silking.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Insulatione3
- Outcome
- germination, early growth and silkinge3
- Direction
- retardede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Insulation retarded germination, early growth and silking”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Insulating the soil increased corn yields in three of the four years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Insulatione4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- in three of the four yearse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Insulation retarded germination, early growth and silking, but increased yields in three of the four years”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating decreased corn ear moisture content at harvest.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- heatinge5
- Outcome
- ear moisture content at harveste5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Where heating decreased ear moisture content at harvest”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Where heating had decreased ear moisture content, insulation increased it.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- insulatione6
- Outcome
- ear moisture contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- Where heating decreased ear moisture content at harveste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Where heating decreased ear moisture content at harvest, insulation increased it”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat combined with insulation gave the greatest response in corn growth, silking advance and yield increase.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Heat combined with insulatione7
- Outcome
- growth, advance in silking, and increase in yielde7
- Direction
- greatest responsee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Heat combined with insulation gave the greatest response in growth, advance in silking, and increase in yield”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
The season with favorable soil temperature combined with low air temperature gave the highest corn yield of the four years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- favorable soil temperature combined with low air temperaturee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The season with favorable soil temperature combined with low air temperature gave the highest yield of the four years”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting advanced corn development.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fertilizer banded near the seed at plantinge0
- Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- advancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting advanced development and increased yields”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting increased corn yields.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fertilizer banded near the seed at plantinge0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting advanced development and increased yields”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer had no statistically significant interacting effect with heat and insulation on corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fertilizer banded near the seed at plantinge0
- Outcome
- interacting effect with heat and insulatione1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting advanced development and increased yields”
e1“but did not produce a statistically significant interacting effect with heat and insulation”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat and insulation markedly increased early-season fertilizer phosphorus uptake in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- heat and insulatione0
- Outcome
- fertilizer phosphorus uptake early in the seasone0
- Direction
- markedly increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, fertilizer phosphorus uptake early in the season was markedly increased by heat and insulation”
t0“CORN”
Claim · model-written summary
Insulation can favor corn yield provided soil temperature is maintained near optimum.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- insulatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Qualifier
- provided that soil temperature is maintained near optimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was concluded that insulation can favor yield, provided that soil temperature is maintained near optimum”
t0“CORN”
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