Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is the most important small fruit crop in Denmark. The quarantine pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum was detected for the first time in June 2000 in Denmark in a production field on the island of Falster. Strawberry plants of cv. Kimberly showed typical symptoms of anthracnose fruit rot. On mature fruits, brown-to-black lesions with spore masses that were orange to salmon in color were observed. Mummified berries were also observed. The fungus was isolated and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, and identification was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the Central Science Laboratory, York, U.K. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction with the C. acutatum-specific primer pairs acut1/col2 (1) and CaInt2/ITS4 (3) also supported the identification. Additionally, the internal transcribed spacer regions, ITS1 and ITS2, of the ribosomal DNA were sequenced in both directions (GenBank Accession No. AY818361). Homology searches with this sequence using BLAST also confirmed the identity. Colonies grown on potato dextrose agar developed white-to-grey aerial mycelium with salmon-colored spore masses, and were beige to black on the reverse side. Conidia were 11.3 (7.3 to 16.6) μm × 3.9 (2.5 to 5.2) μm, hyaline, cylindrical with at least one pointed end, and aseptate. Mycelial growth rate was 8.4 mm per day at 25°C which is similar to earlier reports (2). Spray-inoculated (10 6 conidia per ml) strawberry fruits cv. Elsanta developed brown, sunken, irregular lesions with salmon-colored acervuli after 2 to 5 days at 25°C. Koch's postulates were fulfilled since the reisolated fungus from these lesions developed the same morphological characteristics as described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum in Denmark. References: (1) P. V. Martinez-Culebras et al. J. Phytopathol. 151:135, 2003. (2) B. J. Smith et al. Plant Dis. 74:69, 1990. (3) S. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Colletotrichum acutatum was first detected in a Danish strawberry production field in June 2000.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Interactor
- Colletotrichum acutatum
Colletotrichum acutatume0pathogen - Outcome
- Colletotrichum acutatum was detected for the first timee0
- Qualifier
- June 2000e0
- Setting
- Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The quarantine pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum was detected for the first time in June 2000 in Denmark in a production field on the island of Falster.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Kimberly strawberry plants showed typical anthracnose fruit rot symptoms.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Material
- cv. Kimberlye0
- Outcome
- typical symptoms of anthracnose fruit rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry plants of cv. Kimberly showed typical symptoms of anthracnose fruit rot.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature fruit showed brown-to-black lesions and orange-to-salmon spore masses.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- mature fruitse0
- Outcome
- brown-to-black lesions with spore masses that were orange to salmon in colore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On mature fruits, brown-to-black lesions with spore masses that were orange to salmon in color were observed.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Mummified berries were observed.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- Mummified berriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mummified berries were also observed.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphology and ELISA identified the fungus.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- funguse0pathogen
- Outcome
- identification was confirmede0
- Comparator
- morphological characteristicse0
- Setting
- York, U.K.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungus was isolated and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, and identification was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the Central Science Laboratory, York, U.K.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Species-specific PCR supported identification of the pathogen.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- supported the identificatione0
- Comparator
- C. acutatum-specific primer pairse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Species-specific polymerase chain reaction with the C. acutatum-specific primer pairs acut1/col2 (1) and CaInt2/ITS4 (3) also supported the identification.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
BLAST homology searches confirmed pathogen identity.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- confirmed the identitye0
- Comparator
- this sequencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Homology searches with this sequence using BLAST also confirmed the identity.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The cultured fungus formed white-to-grey aerial mycelium and salmon-colored spore masses.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatumt1pathogen
- Outcome
- white-to-grey aerial mycelium with salmon-colored spore massese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonies grown on potato dextrose agar developed white-to-grey aerial mycelium with salmon-colored spore masses, and were beige to black on the reverse side.”
t0“Strawberry”
t1“Colletotrichum acutatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical, pointed at one end, and aseptate.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatumt1pathogen
- Outcome
- Conidiae0
- Value
- 11.3 (7.3 to 16.6) μm × 3.9 (2.5 to 5.2) μme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conidia were 11.3 (7.3 to 16.6) μm × 3.9 (2.5 to 5.2) μm, hyaline, cylindrical with at least one pointed end, and aseptate.”
t0“Strawberry”
t1“Colletotrichum acutatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycelial growth was 8.4 mm per day at 25°C.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatumt1pathogen
- Outcome
- Mycelial growth ratee0
- Value
- 8.4 mm per daye0
- Qualifier
- 25°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycelial growth rate was 8.4 mm per day at 25°C which is similar to earlier reports (2).”
t0“Strawberry”
t1“Colletotrichum acutatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated Elsanta fruit developed lesions and acervuli after 2 to 5 days at 25°C.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Material
- cv. Elsantae0
- Treatment
- Spray-inoculated (10 6 conidia per ml)e0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- brown, sunken, irregular lesions with salmon-colored acervulie0
- Qualifier
- after 2 to 5 days at 25°Ce0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray-inoculated (10 6 conidia per ml) strawberry fruits cv. Elsanta developed brown, sunken, irregular lesions with salmon-colored acervuli after 2 to 5 days at 25°C.”
t0“Colletotrichum acutatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Reisolation from lesions fulfilled Koch’s postulates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- funguse0pathogen
- Outcome
- Koch's postulates were fulfillede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Koch's postulates were fulfilled since the reisolated fungus from these lesions developed the same morphological characteristics as described above.”
t0“Strawberry”
The same questions in other papers
application · Colletotrichum acutatum · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.