Paper · 2009 · River Research and Applications

Spatial and temporal tree colonization in a midstream sediment bar and the mechanisms governing tree mortality during a flood event

Takashi Asaeda; Pattiyage I. A. Gomes; Eisuke Takeda

10
claims
14
verbatim quotes
60
citations
5
research areas
—
Not open access

Abstract

Abstract Reduced disturbances in regulated rivers can result in stable tree colonisation in downstream reaches. We examined spatial and temporal tree colonisation on a midstream sediment bar, focussing on three dominant taxa: Salix spp. (primarily Salix gilgiana ), Robinia pseudoacacia and Albizia julibrissin . We developed allometric relationships for tree height, tree age and tree diameter at breast and knee height, as well as relationships between above and below‐ground biomass. The spatial profiles for all individual trees of these taxa were obtained before and after a major flood in September 2007. Pre‐flood data indicate that R. pseudoacacia colonize the highest elevations, A. julibrissin lower elevations and Salix spp. the lowest elevations of the three taxa. The oldest trees at each elevation were found to have survived 1.8–2.5 m inundation in past floods. Results of investigations subsequent to the flood event in September 2007 suggest that trees can survive flooding as long as their roots remain embedded in the soil. Individuals of Salix spp. experienced higher levels of inundation, but showed the greatest survival. This is probably due to morphological acclimations, particularly deep root systems and high elasticity of shoots. Considering inundation depths, erosion depths and sediment particle sizes in tree habitats, we found that sediment mobilization was the major cause of tree mortality. Thus, the ability of Salix spp. to colonize coarse sediments greatly contributed to its survival, as coarse sediments result in significantly less tractive force. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Claims 10

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Allometric relationships were developed for tree dimensions and biomass.

Taxon
Salix spp.Salixe1
Outcome
allometric relationships for tree height, tree age and tree diameter at breast and knee heighte0
Comparator
above and below‐ground biomasse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Salix
Salix · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Bruce Marlin · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“We developed allometric relationships for tree height, tree age and tree diameter at breast and knee height, as well as relationships between above and below‐ground biomass.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 313–486 · show in text ↑
e1

“focussing on three dominant taxa: Salix spp.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 192–236 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Robinia pseudoacacia occupied the highest elevations before flooding.

Taxon
R. pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
Outcome
highest elevationse0
Direction
higheste0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Robinia pseudoacacia
Robinia pseudoacacia · TaxonAnnabell Hormann / korina.info · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“R. pseudoacacia colonize the highest elevations, A. julibrissin lower elevations and Salix spp. the lowest elevations of the three taxa.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 640–776 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Albizia julibrissin occupied lower elevations.

Taxon
A. julibrissinAlbizia julibrissine0
Outcome
lower elevationse0
Direction
lowere0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Albizia julibrissin
Albizia julibrissin · TaxonCmapm · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“R. pseudoacacia colonize the highest elevations, A. julibrissin lower elevations and Salix spp. the lowest elevations of the three taxa.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 640–776 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Salix occupied the lowest elevations.

Taxon
Salix spp.Salixe0
Outcome
lowest elevationse0
Direction
loweste0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Salix
Salix · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Bruce Marlin · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“R. pseudoacacia colonize the highest elevations, A. julibrissin lower elevations and Salix spp. the lowest elevations of the three taxa.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 640–776 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The oldest trees at each elevation had survived 1.8–2.5 m prior inundation.

Taxon
treese0
Outcome
survivede0
Value
1.8–2.5 me0
Qualifier
in past floodse0

Verbatim

e0

“The oldest trees at each elevation were found to have survived 1.8–2.5 m inundation in past floods.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 777–876 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Trees could survive flooding while roots remained embedded in soil.

Taxon
treese0
Organ / stage
rootse0
Outcome
survive floodinge0
Qualifier
remain embedded in the soile0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0

“trees can survive flooding as long as their roots remain embedded in the soil.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 964–1042 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Salix had the greatest survival despite higher inundation.

Taxon
Salix spp.Salixe0
Outcome
survivale0
Direction
greateste0
Qualifier
higher levels of inundatione0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Salix
Salix · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Bruce Marlin · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Individuals of Salix spp. experienced higher levels of inundation, but showed the greatest survival.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1043–1143 · show in text ↑
Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Deep roots and elastic shoots probably contributed to Salix survival.

Taxon
Salix spp.Salixe2
Organ / stage
deep root systems and high elasticity of shootse0
Outcome
survivale1
Qualifier
probablye0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Salix
Salix · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Bruce Marlin · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“This is probably due to morphological acclimations, particularly deep root systems and high elasticity of shoots.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1144–1257 · show in text ↑
t0

“tree colonization”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 21–38 · show in text ↑
e1

“showed the greatest survival.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1114–1143 · show in text ↑
e2

“Individuals of Salix spp. experienced higher levels of inundation, but showed the greatest survival.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1043–1143 · show in text ↑
Mechanismobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sediment mobilization was the major cause of tree mortality.

Taxon
treee0
Outcome
tree mortalitye0
Qualifier
sediment mobilizatione0

Verbatim

e0

“sediment mobilization was the major cause of tree mortality.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1364–1424 · show in text ↑
Mechanismobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Salix colonization of coarse sediment contributed to survival through lower tractive force.

Taxon
Salix spp.Salixe0
Outcome
survivale0
Direction
lesse0
Qualifier
coarse sedimentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Salix
Salix · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Bruce Marlin · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the ability of Salix spp. to colonize coarse sediments greatly contributed to its survival, as coarse sediments result in significantly less tractive force.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1431–1587 · show in text ↑