Abstract
Abstract Losses of export‐quality kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis Planch.) attributable to wind damage increased with distance downwind of both natural and artificial windbreaks. These effects occurred on standard ‘T‐bar’ trellised vines during a particularly windy season, within shelter spacings which the literature suggest should achieve adequate reductions in windspeed. Distance from the nearest upwind natural shelterbelt explained 57%of the variation in exportable yield per vine. Major losses resulted from frictional marks caused by fruit rubbing against each other and against plant canes. Mean proportions of exportable sized fruit rejected for this reason varied from 3–10%(for rows adjacent and to the lee of natural windbreaks) to 30–44%(3–4 rows downwind of artificial shelter). Trends in foliar damage and vegetative growth were similar to those observed in wind‐rub damage. On rows partially shaded by natural shelter, up to 40%of the total fruit load did not reach export size because of poor pollination. In comparison, a property using a Tatura trellis system with minimal internal shelter lost only 1%of its fruit from wind‐rub damage. The success of this trellis may be related to the onset of skimming flow because of the high density of roughness elements.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Wind damage export losses increased with distance downwind of natural windbreaks.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae0 - Treatment
- naturale0
- Outcome
- Losses of export‐quality kiwifruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- distance downwinde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Losses of export‐quality kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis Planch.) attributable to wind damage increased with distance downwind of both natural and artificial windbreaks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wind damage export losses increased with distance downwind of artificial windbreaks.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- artificial windbreakse0
- Outcome
- Losses of export‐quality kiwifruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- distance downwinde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Losses of export‐quality kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis Planch.) attributable to wind damage increased with distance downwind of both natural and artificial windbreaks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Distance from natural shelter explained 57% of variation in exportable yield per vine.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- nearest upwind natural shelterbelte0
- Outcome
- variation in exportable yield per vinee0
- Value
- 57%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Distance from the nearest upwind natural shelterbelt explained 57%of the variation in exportable yield per vine.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Major losses arose from friction marks caused by fruits rubbing against fruits and canes.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- Major lossese0
- Qualifier
- frictional marks caused by fruit rubbing against each other and against plant canese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Major losses resulted from frictional marks caused by fruit rubbing against each other and against plant canes.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Friction damage rejection was 3–10% adjacent to and leeward of natural windbreaks.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- proportions of exportable sized fruit rejectede0
- Value
- 3–10%e0
- Qualifier
- rows adjacent and to the lee of natural windbreakse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean proportions of exportable sized fruit rejected for this reason varied from 3–10%(for rows adjacent and to the lee of natural windbreaks) to 30–44%(3–4 rows downwind of artificial shelter).”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Friction damage rejection was 30–44% three to four rows downwind of artificial shelter.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- proportions of exportable sized fruit rejectede0
- Value
- 30–44%e0
- Qualifier
- 3–4 rows downwind of artificial sheltere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean proportions of exportable sized fruit rejected for this reason varied from 3–10%(for rows adjacent and to the lee of natural windbreaks) to 30–44%(3–4 rows downwind of artificial shelter).”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar damage and vegetative growth trends resembled wind rub damage trends.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- foliar damage and vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- wind‐rub damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trends in foliar damage and vegetative growth were similar to those observed in wind‐rub damage.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Poor pollination prevented up to 40% of fruit reaching export size in partially shaded rows.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- partially shaded by natural sheltere0
- Outcome
- did not reach export sizee0
- Value
- up to 40%e0
- Qualifier
- poor pollinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On rows partially shaded by natural shelter, up to 40%of the total fruit load did not reach export size because of poor pollination.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
A Tatura trellis property with minimal internal shelter lost only 1% of fruit to wind rub.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- Tatura trellis systeme0
- Outcome
- wind‐rub damagee0
- Direction
- loste0
- Value
- 1%e0
- Qualifier
- minimal internal sheltere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison, a property using a Tatura trellis system with minimal internal shelter lost only 1%of its fruit from wind‐rub damage.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Trellis success may reflect skimming flow caused by dense roughness elements.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- success of this trellise0
- Qualifier
- onset of skimming flow because of the high density of roughness elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The success of this trellis may be related to the onset of skimming flow because of the high density of roughness elements.”
t0“kiwifruit”