Abstract
The effect of high temperatures on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field was examined during the whole growth period in a temperature gradient chamber (TGC) from 2002 to 2006. Experimental plots, TG1 (control), TG2, TG3 and TG4, were arranged along the temperature gradient (from low to high temperature) in TGC. The mean and maximum air-temperatures in TG4 were 2.0 –3.6ºC and 4.0º7.0ºC higher, respectively, than those in TG1. The plant height was taller and the maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1. Plant dry weight at maturity in TG2 and TG3 was 12.8−16.4% heavier than that in TG1. In TG4, the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening period was smallest and plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than that in TG1. The increase in plant dry-matter during the ripening period was smallest in TG4. The decrease in the dry weight of stem and leaf during the ripening period, which represents the amount of assimilate translocation to the panicle, was also larger in TG2-4 than in TG1. The increase in the dry weight of stem in TG2-4 at maturity was also larger than that in TG1. The photosynthetic rate in TG2-4 was up to 35.6% lower than that in TG1 because of the acceleration of leaf senescence. Brown rice yield in TG4 was 6.6−39.1% lower than that in TG1. This yield decline was due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains and increase in the percentage of sterile spikelets. The relation between brown rice yield and mean air-temperature during 20 days after heading showed that the brown rice yield declined when mean air-temperature exceeded 28ºC.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In the temperature gradient chamber, TG4 air temperatures were 2.0 –3.6ºC higher than TG1 on the mean.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- TG4e1
- Outcome
- mean and maximum air-temperaturese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 2.0 –3.6ºCe1
- Comparator
- TG1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e1“The mean and maximum air-temperatures in TG4 were 2.0 –3.6ºC and 4.0º7.0ºC higher, respectively, than those in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants in TG2, TG3 and TG4 were taller than in TG1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG2, TG3 and TG4e2
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- tallere2
- Comparator
- TG1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e2“The plant height was taller and the maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG2, TG3 and TG4e2
- Outcome
- maximum tillering stagee2
- Direction
- earliere2
- Comparator
- TG1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e2“The plant height was taller and the maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant dry weight at maturity in TG2 and TG3 was 12.8−16.4% heavier than in TG1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG2 and TG3e3
- Outcome
- Plant dry weight at maturitye3
- Direction
- heaviere3
- Value
- 12.8−16.4%e3
- Comparator
- TG1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e3“Plant dry weight at maturity in TG2 and TG3 was 12.8−16.4% heavier than that in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
In TG4, the increase in panicle dry weight during ripening was the smallest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- paniclee4
- Treatment
- TG4e4
- Outcome
- the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening periode4
- Direction
- smalleste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e4“In TG4, the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening period was smallest and plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than that in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
In TG4, plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than in TG1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG4e4
- Outcome
- plant dry weight at maturitye4
- Direction
- heaviere4
- Value
- 11–16%e4
- Comparator
- TG1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e4“In TG4, the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening period was smallest and plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than that in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in plant dry matter during ripening was the smallest in TG4.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG4e6
- Outcome
- increase in plant dry-matter during the ripening periode6
- Direction
- smalleste6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e6“The increase in plant dry-matter during the ripening period was smallest in TG4”
Claim · model-written summary
In TG2-4, the decrease in stem and leaf dry weight during ripening was larger than in TG1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG2-4e7
- Outcome
- decrease in the dry weight of stem and leaf during the ripening periode7
- Direction
- largere7
- Comparator
- TG1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e7“The decrease in the dry weight of stem and leaf during the ripening period, which represents the amount of assimilate translocation to the panicle, was also larger in TG2-4 than in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
In TG2-4, the stem dry weight increase at maturity was larger than in TG1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG2-4e1
- Outcome
- increase in the dry weight of steme1
- Direction
- largere1
- Comparator
- TG1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e1“The increase in the dry weight of stem in TG2-4 at maturity was also larger than that in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
In TG2-4, the photosynthetic rate was up to 35.6% lower than in TG1, because of accelerated leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG2-4e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 35.6%e1
- Qualifier
- because of the acceleration of leaf senescencee1
- Comparator
- TG1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e1“The photosynthetic rate in TG2-4 was up to 35.6% lower than that in TG1 because of the acceleration of leaf senescence”
Claim · model-written summary
In TG4, brown rice yield was 6.6−39.1% lower than in TG1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TG4e1
- Outcome
- Brown rice yielde1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 6.6−39.1%e1
- Comparator
- TG1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e1“Brown rice yield in TG4 was 6.6−39.1% lower than that in TG1”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the yield decline to a lower percentage of ripened grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- yield declinee1
- Qualifier
- decrease in the percentage of ripened grainse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e1“This yield decline was due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains and increase in the percentage of sterile spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the yield decline to a higher percentage of sterile spikelets.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- yield declinee1
- Qualifier
- increase in the percentage of sterile spikeletse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e1“This yield decline was due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains and increase in the percentage of sterile spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown rice yield declined when mean air temperature during 20 days after heading exceeded 28ºC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mean air-temperature during 20 days after headinge1
- Outcome
- brown rice yielde1
- Direction
- declinede1
- Value
- 28ºCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field”
e1“The relation between brown rice yield and mean air-temperature during 20 days after heading showed that the brown rice yield declined when mean air-temperature exceeded 28ºC”