Abstract
ABSTRACT Type I crops (wheat and soybean), in which the potassium concentration (Kc) decreases when the nitrogen concentration (Nc) decreases, and type II crop (sunflower), in which Kc remains constant when Nc decreases, were grown in K-sufficient and K-deficient soils in pots. The CO2 exchange rate (Pnet; photosynthetic rate, PR; photorespiratory rate, and DR; dark respiratory rate), the distribution of photosynthesized 14C to organs, and the chemical compounds and free amino acids in fully expanded leaves were investigated. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1) Potassium (K) deficiency affected type II crop by causing a decrease in Pnet and an increase in PR and DR, while in type I crops, K deficiency affected the CO2 exchange rate less markedly. 2) Potassium (K) deficiency affected type II crop by causing the 14C distribution ratio to TCA/amino acids to decrease at 0 hours after 14C assimilation, and the 14C distribution ratio to serine to increase at 0.5 hours after 14C assimilation. In type I crops, the 14C distribution ratio among chemical compounds and free amino acids were less affected by K deficiency. 3) When 14CO2 was assimilated for 10 min, the 14C distribution ratio to organs was less affected by K deficiency in type I crops than in type II crop. In type II crop, the 14C distribution ratio to the stem was reduced by K deficiency, an effect that was caused by a low 14C translocation from the assimilated leaf blade. When 14C-sucrose and 14C-serine were introduced directly into the phloem, the translocation rate was not reduced by K deficiency in type II crop. When 14CO2 was assimilated into the leaf at a different leaf position, 14C distribution was not affected in type I crops. In type II crop, however, when 14CO2 was assimilated into the lower leaf, 14C distribution to the roots increased under K deficiency as compared to the control. 4) In type II crop when 14C-sucrose was introduced directly to the phloem, 14C compounds were translocated quickly to the lower organs, especially the roots. When 14C-serine was introduced, a major part of the 14C compounds remained in the assimilated leaf blade. Consequently, in type II crop, it can be assumed that current photosynthate distribution to TCA/amino acids and the distribution of carbon in serine to other amino acids are restricted by K deficiency at first, then, the photosynthetic rate and the translocation of photosynthates from the leaf blade are restricted by K deficiency. Acknowledgments
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency decreased sunflower Pnet.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- Potassium (K) deficiencye1
- Outcome
- Pnete1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“Potassium (K) deficiency affected type II crop by causing a decrease in Pnet and an increase in PR and DR”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency increased sunflower PR and DR.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Potassium (K) deficiencye1
- Outcome
- PR and DRe1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“Potassium (K) deficiency affected type II crop by causing a decrease in Pnet and an increase in PR and DR”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency affected wheat CO2 exchange less markedly than sunflower.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- CO2 exchange ratee1
- Qualifier
- less markedlye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“while in type I crops, K deficiency affected the CO2 exchange rate less markedly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency affected soybean CO2 exchange less markedly than sunflower.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- CO2 exchange ratee1
- Qualifier
- less markedlye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“while in type I crops, K deficiency affected the CO2 exchange rate less markedly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency decreased sunflower 14C allocation to TCA/amino acids immediately after assimilation.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Potassium (K) deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution ratio to TCA/amino acidse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- at 0 hours after 14C assimilatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“Potassium (K) deficiency affected type II crop by causing the 14C distribution ratio to TCA/amino acids to decrease at 0 hours after 14C assimilation”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency increased sunflower 14C allocation to serine at 0.5 hours after assimilation.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Potassium (K) deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution ratio to serinee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Qualifier
- at 0.5 hours after 14C assimilatione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“Potassium (K) deficiency affected type II crop by causing the 14C distribution ratio”
e2“the 14C distribution ratio to serine to increase at 0.5 hours after 14C assimilation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat 14C allocation among compounds and amino acids was less affected by potassium deficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution ratio among chemical compounds and free amino acidse1
- Qualifier
- less affectede1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“In type I crops, the 14C distribution ratio among chemical compounds and free amino acids were less affected by K deficiency.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean 14C allocation among compounds and amino acids was less affected by potassium deficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution ratio among chemical compounds and free amino acidse1
- Qualifier
- less affectede1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“In type I crops, the 14C distribution ratio among chemical compounds and free amino acids were less affected by K deficiency.”
Claim · model-written summary
After 10-minute assimilation, wheat organ allocation of 14C was less affected by potassium deficiency than sunflower allocation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution ratio to organse1
- Qualifier
- When 14CO2 was assimilated for 10 mine1
- Comparator
- type II crope1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“When 14CO2 was assimilated for 10 min, the 14C distribution ratio to organs was less affected by K deficiency in type I crops than in type II crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
After 10-minute assimilation, soybean organ allocation of 14C was less affected by potassium deficiency than sunflower allocation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution ratio to organse1
- Qualifier
- When 14CO2 was assimilated for 10 mine1
- Comparator
- type II crope1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“When 14CO2 was assimilated for 10 min, the 14C distribution ratio to organs was less affected by K deficiency in type I crops than in type II crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency reduced sunflower stem 14C allocation because of low translocation from the assimilated leaf blade.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution ratio to the steme1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- a low 14C translocation from the assimilated leaf bladee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“In type II crop, the 14C distribution ratio to the stem was reduced by K deficiency, an effect that was caused by a low 14C translocation from the assimilated leaf blade.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency did not reduce sunflower translocation when 14C-sucrose was introduced directly into the phloem.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- translocation ratee1
- Direction
- not reducede1
- Qualifier
- When 14C-sucrose and 14C-serine were introduced directly into the phloeme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“When 14C-sucrose and 14C-serine were introduced directly into the phloem, the translocation rate was not reduced by K deficiency in type II crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency did not reduce sunflower translocation when 14C-serine was introduced directly into the phloem.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- translocation ratee1
- Direction
- not reducede1
- Qualifier
- When 14C-sucrose and 14C-serine were introduced directly into the phloeme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“When 14C-sucrose and 14C-serine were introduced directly into the phloem, the translocation rate was not reduced by K deficiency in type II crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Changing the assimilating leaf position did not affect wheat 14C distribution.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 14CO2 was assimilated into the leaf at a different leaf positione1
- Outcome
- 14C distributione1
- Direction
- not affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“When 14CO2 was assimilated into the leaf at a different leaf position, 14C distribution was not affected in type I crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Changing the assimilating leaf position did not affect soybean 14C distribution.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 14CO2 was assimilated into the leaf at a different leaf positione1
- Outcome
- 14C distributione1
- Direction
- not affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I crops (wheat and soybean)”
e1“When 14CO2 was assimilated into the leaf at a different leaf position, 14C distribution was not affected in type I crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency increased sunflower root 14C allocation after assimilation into the lower leaf.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- 14C distribution to the rootse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- when 14CO2 was assimilated into the lower leafe1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“In type II crop, however, when 14CO2 was assimilated into the lower leaf, 14C distribution to the roots increased under K deficiency as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower 14C compounds moved quickly to lower organs, especially roots, after direct phloem introduction of 14C-sucrose.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 14C-sucrose was introduced directly to the phloeme1
- Outcome
- 14C compounds were translocated quickly to the lower organs, especially the rootse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“In type II crop when 14C-sucrose was introduced directly to the phloem, 14C compounds were translocated quickly to the lower organs, especially the roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
After 14C-serine introduction, most sunflower 14C compounds remained in the assimilated leaf blade.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 14C-serine was introducede1
- Outcome
- a major part of the 14C compounds remained in the assimilated leaf bladee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“When 14C-serine was introduced, a major part of the 14C compounds remained in the assimilated leaf blade.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that potassium deficiency first restricts sunflower photosynthate allocation to TCA/amino acids and serine carbon allocation to other amino acids, then restricts photosynthesis and leaf export.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- K deficiencye1
- Outcome
- current photosynthate distribution to TCA/amino acids and the distribution of carbon in serine to other amino acidse1
- Direction
- restrictede1
- Qualifier
- at first, then, the photosynthetic rate and the translocation of photosynthates from the leaf blade are restricted by K deficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type II crop (sunflower)”
e1“Consequently, in type II crop, it can be assumed that current photosynthate distribution to TCA/amino acids and the distribution of carbon in serine to other amino acids are restricted by K deficiency at first, then, the photosynthetic rate and the translocation of photosynthates from the leaf blade are restricted by K deficiency.”
The same questions in other papers
potassium · molecular: metabolites · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 5 papers →potassium · nutrient: content · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.