Abstract
Abstract The effects of the nitrogen application rate and type of nitrogen fertilizer on rice seedling establishment for seeds without or with calcium peroxide coating under drained paddy field conditions were investigated. The seedling establishment rate for the seeds without coating decreased with the application of ammonium sulfate (AS) at the rates of 4 and 8 g m−2. The pH in the soil solution was in the appropriate range for rice growth, and the ferrous ion concentration and EC in the soil solution were lower than the threshold for rice growth in all the plots. The ammonium nitrogen concentrations in the soil solution in the AS application plots were exceeded 2 mg kg−1, which is the threshold for seed emergence. Seedling establishment for the seeds with calcium peroxide coating was not inhibited by the AS application even at the rate of 8 g m−2. The application of ammonium phosphate (AP), urea (U), and polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) at the rate of 4 g m−2 did not inhibit the seedling establishment in the case of both calcium peroxide-coated seeds and non-coated seeds. The ammonium nitrogen concentration in the soil solution at the time of sowing was less than 2 mg kg−1 in all the treatments except for the AS treatment. These results showed that nitrogen application, which increases the ammonium nitrogen concentration in the soil solution at sowing, inhibits seedling establishment for non-coated seeds and does not inhibit seedling establishment for coated seeds.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate at 4 and 8 g m−2 decreased the seedling establishment rate of uncoated rice seeds.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- seeds without coatinge1
- Treatment
- ammonium sulfate (AS)e1
- Outcome
- seedling establishment ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 4 and 8 g m−2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e1“The seedling establishment rate for the seeds without coating decreased with the application of ammonium sulfate (AS) at the rates of 4 and 8 g m−2”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate even at 8 g m−2 did not inhibit seedling establishment of rice seeds with calcium peroxide coating.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- seeds with calcium peroxide coatinge2
- Treatment
- AS applicatione2
- Outcome
- Seedling establishmente2
- Direction
- not inhibitede2
- Value
- 8 g m−2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e2“Seedling establishment for the seeds with calcium peroxide coating was not inhibited by the AS application even at the rate of 8 g m−2”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium phosphate at 4 g m−2 did not inhibit seedling establishment of both coated and non-coated rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ammonium phosphate (AP)e3
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente3
- Direction
- did not inhibite3
- Value
- 4 g m−2e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e3“The application of ammonium phosphate (AP), urea (U), and polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) at the rate of 4 g m−2 did not inhibit the seedling establishment in the case of both calcium peroxide-coated seeds and non-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea at 4 g m−2 did not inhibit seedling establishment of both coated and non-coated rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- urea (U)e3
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente3
- Direction
- did not inhibite3
- Value
- 4 g m−2e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e3“The application of ammonium phosphate (AP), urea (U), and polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) at the rate of 4 g m−2 did not inhibit the seedling establishment in the case of both calcium peroxide-coated seeds and non-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyolefin-coated urea at 4 g m−2 did not inhibit seedling establishment of both coated and non-coated rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- polyolefin-coated urea (PCU)e3
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente3
- Direction
- did not inhibite3
- Value
- 4 g m−2e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e3“The application of ammonium phosphate (AP), urea (U), and polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) at the rate of 4 g m−2 did not inhibit the seedling establishment in the case of both calcium peroxide-coated seeds and non-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application that raises ammonium nitrogen in soil solution at sowing inhibits seedling establishment of non-coated rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- non-coated seedse4
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione4
- Compound
- ammonium nitrogene4
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente4
- Direction
- inhibitse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e4“nitrogen application, which increases the ammonium nitrogen concentration in the soil solution at sowing, inhibits seedling establishment for non-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application that raises ammonium nitrogen in soil solution at sowing does not inhibit seedling establishment of coated rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- coated seedse5
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione4
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente5
- Direction
- does not inhibite5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e4“nitrogen application, which increases the ammonium nitrogen concentration in the soil solution at sowing, inhibits seedling establishment for non-coated seeds”
e5“does not inhibit seedling establishment for coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution in the AS plots exceeded 2 mg kg−1, the threshold for seed emergence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AS applicatione6
- Outcome
- ammonium nitrogen concentrations in the soil solutione6
- Direction
- exceedede6
- Value
- 2 mg kg−1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e6“The ammonium nitrogen concentrations in the soil solution in the AS application plots were exceeded 2 mg kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solution pH was in the appropriate range for rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- pH in the soil solutione7
- Qualifier
- in the appropriate range for rice growthe7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e7“The pH in the soil solution was in the appropriate range for rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferrous ion concentration and EC in soil solution were lower than the threshold for rice growth in all plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- ferrous ion concentration and EC in the soil solutione7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Qualifier
- than the threshold for rice growthe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e7“the ferrous ion concentration and EC in the soil solution were lower than the threshold for rice growth in all the plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution at sowing was below 2 mg kg−1 in all treatments except AS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AS treatmente7
- Outcome
- ammonium nitrogen concentration in the soil solution at the time of sowinge7
- Direction
- less thane7
- Value
- 2 mg kg−1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“paddy rice”
e7“The ammonium nitrogen concentration in the soil solution at the time of sowing was less than 2 mg kg−1 in all the treatments except for the AS treatment”
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