Abstract
Field experiments were conducted at Wooster, OH, in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the effect of simulated drift rates of 2,4-D, dicamba, and 2,4-D plus glyphosate on processing broccoli and bell pepper. Treatments were made in July of each year when bell pepper and broccoli were at the 10- and eight-leaf stage, respectively, and included five 2,4-D rates (1/50, 1/100, 1/150, 1/200, and 1/400 of the recommended field rate of 840 g ae ha −1 ), five dicamba rates (1/50, 1/100, 1/150, 1/200, and 1/400 of the recommended field rate of 560 g ae ha −1 ), and three rates of 2,4-D plus glyphosate (1/100, 1/200, and 1/400 of the recommended field rates). Crop injury was recorded at 7 and 28 d after treatment (DAT). Broccoli and bell pepper responded differently to simulated drift rates each year with higher initial injury ratings observed in 2010, and more persistent symptoms in 2011. 2,4-D at the 1/50 rate reduced broccoli yield by approximately 50% in 2010. Simulated drift rates of 2,4-D did not cause broccoli yield reduction in 2011, nor did simulated drift rates of dicamba, or 2,4-D plus glyphosate reduce yield either year. Although simulated drift treatments did not reduce total yield of bell pepper, the timing of fruit maturity was affected. Yield at first harvest was reduced by high simulated drift rates of each herbicide and by the herbicide tank mix. These results indicate that broccoli and bell pepper are sensitive to very low doses of 2,4-D and dicamba that are typical of those encountered in drift events. The impact of actual drift on delayed maturity and total yield of these crops is likely to be costly for the farmer.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli and bell pepper had higher initial injury in 2010.
Verbatim
e0“Broccoli and bell pepper responded differently to simulated drift rates each year with higher initial injury ratings observed in 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli and bell pepper had more persistent symptoms in 2011.
Verbatim
e0“Broccoli and bell pepper responded differently to simulated drift rates each year with higher initial injury ratings observed in 2010, and more persistent symptoms in 2011”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1/50 rate of 2,4-D reduced broccoli yield approximately 50% in 2010.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicae0 - Treatment
- 2,4-D at the 1/50 ratee0
- Outcome
- broccoli yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- approximately 50%e0
- Setting
- 2010e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D at the 1/50 rate reduced broccoli yield by approximately 50% in 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated 2,4-D drift did not reduce broccoli yield in 2011.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- Simulated drift rates of 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- broccoli yielde0
- Direction
- did not causee0
- Setting
- 2011e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Simulated drift rates of 2,4-D did not cause broccoli yield reduction in 2011”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated dicamba drift did not reduce broccoli yield in either year.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- simulated drift rates of dicambae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- nor dide0
- Qualifier
- either yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nor did simulated drift rates of dicamba, or 2,4-D plus glyphosate reduce yield either year”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated 2,4-D plus glyphosate drift did not reduce broccoli yield in either year.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D plus glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- nor dide0
- Qualifier
- either yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nor did simulated drift rates of dicamba, or 2,4-D plus glyphosate reduce yield either year”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated drift treatments did not reduce total bell pepper yield.
- Taxon
- bell peppere0
- Treatment
- simulated drift treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total yield of bell peppere0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“simulated drift treatments did not reduce total yield of bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated drift treatments affected the timing of bell pepper fruit maturity.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Although simulated drift treatments did not reduce total yield of bell pepper, the timing of fruit maturity was affected”
Claim · model-written summary
High simulated herbicide drift rates reduced yield at first bell pepper harvest.
- Taxon
- Bell Peppert0
- Treatment
- high simulated drift rates of each herbicidee0
- Outcome
- Yield at first harveste0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Yield at first harvest was reduced by high simulated drift rates of each herbicide”
t0“Bell Pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide tank mix reduced yield at first bell pepper harvest.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Yield at first harvest was reduced by high simulated drift rates of each herbicide and by the herbicide tank mix”
t0“Bell Pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude broccoli and bell pepper are sensitive to low drift doses of 2,4-D and dicamba.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli and bell pepper are sensitive to very low doses of 2,4-D and dicamba that are typical of those encountered in drift events”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
2,4-D · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
dicamba · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
herbicide · yield · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.