Abstract
Field studies were conducted in 1995 to 1997 to determine the effect of the southwestern corn borer (SWCB) on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids. In 1995, when A. flavus conidia were applied to silks in a spray and SWCB neonate larvae in maize cob grits were placed in the leaf axil at the top ear of commercial hybrids, aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection were highest in plants treated with both the fungus and the insect. In 1996, using the same inoculation and infestation techniques, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were much lower than in 1995 and SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination or kernel infection. In another study in 1996, the effect of SWCB on aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection in hybrids resistant and susceptible to A. flavus was determined. The inoculation-infestation technique involved applying maize cob grits containing A. flavus conidia and SWCB larvae to silks. When SWCB was combined with A. flavus, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were dramatically higher than in hybrids inoculated with A. flavus alone, regardless of whether the hybrids were resistant or susceptible to A. flavus. In 1997, the interaction of A. flavus and SWCB was determined on hybrids resistant and susceptible to A. flavus and on a commercial hybrid with and without the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. Maize cob grits were used to inoculate A. flavus and infest SWCB on the silks 7 or 21 days after midsilk (50% of the plants in a row had silks emerged). All four hybrids had the highest levels of Aspergillus spp. kernel infection and aflatoxin contamination when A. flavus and SWCB were applied at 21 days after midsilk. These studies indicate that SWCB can substantially increase aflatoxin levels when combined with A. flavus. However, inoculation and infestation techniques, placement of the fungus and the insect, and timing of inoculation and infestation are all critical in demonstrating a synergistic relationship between A. flavus and SWCB on aflatoxin contamination of maize.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungus and borer treatment gave the highest aflatoxin contamination in 1995.
- Treatment
- both the fungus and the insecte0
- Interactor
- A. flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Second interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contaminatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1995, when A. flavus conidia were applied to silks in a spray and SWCB neonate larvae in maize cob grits were placed in the leaf axil at the top ear of commercial hybrids, aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection were highest in plants treated with both the fungus and the insect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungus and borer treatment gave the highest kernel infection in 1995.
- Treatment
- both the fungus and the insecte0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- A. flavus kernel infectione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1995, when A. flavus conidia were applied to silks in a spray and SWCB neonate larvae in maize cob grits were placed in the leaf axil at the top ear of commercial hybrids, aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection were highest in plants treated with both the fungus and the insect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin levels in 1996 were much lower than in 1995.
Verbatim
e0“In 1996, using the same inoculation and infestation techniques, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were much lower than in 1995 and SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination or kernel infection.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel infection in 1996 was much lower than in 1995.
Verbatim
e0“In 1996, using the same inoculation and infestation techniques, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were much lower than in 1995 and SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination or kernel infection.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination in the 1996 study.
- Taxon
- maize hybridst0
- Treatment
- SWCBe0
- Interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contaminatione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination or kernel infection.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
SWCB had no effect on kernel infection in the 1996 study.
- Taxon
- maize hybridst0
- Treatment
- SWCBe0
- Interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- kernel infectione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination or kernel infection.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining SWCB with A. flavus dramatically raised aflatoxin levels relative to fungus alone across resistant and susceptible hybrids.
- Taxon
- maize hybridst0
- Treatment
- SWCB was combined with A. flavuse0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- aflatoxin levelse0
- Direction
- dramatically highere0
- Comparator
- hybrids inoculated with A. flavus alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When SWCB was combined with A. flavus, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were dramatically higher than in hybrids inoculated with A. flavus alone, regardless of whether the hybrids were resistant or susceptible to A. flavus.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining SWCB with A. flavus dramatically raised kernel infection relative to fungus alone across resistant and susceptible hybrids.
- Taxon
- maize hybridst0
- Treatment
- SWCB was combined with A. flavuse0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- kernel infectione0
- Direction
- dramatically highere0
- Comparator
- hybrids inoculated with A. flavus alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When SWCB was combined with A. flavus, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were dramatically higher than in hybrids inoculated with A. flavus alone, regardless of whether the hybrids were resistant or susceptible to A. flavus.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
All four hybrids had maximum Aspergillus kernel infection with both agents applied 21 days after midsilk.
- Taxon
- maize hybridst0
- Treatment
- A. flavus and SWCB were applied at 21 days after midsilke0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus spp.
Aspergilluse0pathogen - Second interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- Aspergillus spp. kernel infectione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four hybrids had the highest levels of Aspergillus spp. kernel infection and aflatoxin contamination when A. flavus and SWCB were applied at 21 days after midsilk.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
All four hybrids had maximum aflatoxin contamination with both agents applied 21 days after midsilk.
- Taxon
- maize hybridst0
- Treatment
- A. flavus and SWCB were applied at 21 days after midsilke0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- SWCBe0pest
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contaminatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four hybrids had the highest levels of Aspergillus spp. kernel infection and aflatoxin contamination when A. flavus and SWCB were applied at 21 days after midsilk.”
t0“Maize Hybrids”
The same questions in other papers
Aspergillus flavus · organism · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Aspergillus flavus · disease · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.