Abstract
ABSTRACT A 3-year experiment was conducted in field microplots infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 at Córdoba, Spain, in order to assess efficacy of an integrated management strategy for Fusarium wilt of chickpea that combined the choice of sowing date, use of partially resistant chickpea genotypes, and seed and soil treatments with biocontrol agents Bacillus megaterium RGAF 51, B. subtilis GB03, nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, and Pseudomonas fluorescens RG 26. Advancing the sowing date from early spring to winter significantly delayed disease onset, reduced the final disease intensity (amount of disease in a microplot that combines disease incidence and severity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible amount of disease in that microplot), and increased chickpea seed yield. A significant linear relationship was found between disease development over time and weather variables at the experimental site, with epidemics developing earlier and faster as mean temperature increased and accumulated rainfall decreased. Under conditions highly conducive for Fusarium wilt development, the degree of disease control depended primarily on choice of sowing date, and to a lesser extent on level of resistance of chickpea genotypes to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5, and the biocontrol treatments. The main effects of sowing date, partially resistant genotypes, and biocontrol agents were a reduction in the rate of epidemic development over time, a reduction of disease intensity, and an increase in chickpea seedling emergence, respectively. Chickpea seed yield was influenced by all three factors in the study. The increase in chickpea seed yield was the most consistent effect of the biocontrol agents. However, that effect was primarily influenced by sowing date, which also determined disease development. Effectiveness of biocontrol treatments in disease management was lowest in January sowings, which were least favorable for Fusarium wilt. Sowing in February, which was moderately favorable for wilt development, resulted in the greatest increase in seed yield by the biocontrol agents. In March sowings, which were most conducive for the disease, the biocontrol agents delayed disease onset and increased seedling emergence. B. subtilis GB03 and P. fluorescens RG 26, applied either alone or each in combination with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, were the most effective treatments at suppressing Fusarium wilt, or delaying disease onset and increasing seed yield, respectively. The importance of integrating existing control practices, partially effective by themselves, with other control measures to achieve appropriate management of Fusarium wilt and increase of seed yield in chickpea in Mediterranean-type environments is demonstrated by the results of this study.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Winter rather than early-spring sowing delayed chickpea wilt onset, reduced disease intensity and increased seed yield.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- wintere0
- Outcome
- disease onset, reduced the final disease intensitye0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- early springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advancing the sowing date from early spring to winter significantly delayed disease onset, reduced the final disease intensity (amount of disease in a microplot that combines disease incidence and severity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible amount of disease in that microplot), and increased chickpea seed yield”
t0“Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Wilt epidemic development was linearly related to weather, occurring earlier and faster with higher temperature and lower rainfall.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- disease development over timee0
- Direction
- earlier and fastere0
- Setting
- experimental sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant linear relationship was found between disease development over time and weather variables at the experimental site, with epidemics developing earlier and faster as mean temperature increased and accumulated rainfall decreased”
t0“Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing date reduced the rate of wilt epidemic development.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- sowing datee0
- Outcome
- rate of epidemic development over timee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effects of sowing date, partially resistant genotypes, and biocontrol agents were a reduction in the rate of epidemic development over time, a reduction of disease intensity, and an increase in chickpea seedling emergence, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Partially resistant genotypes reduced wilt disease intensity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- partially resistant genotypese0
- Outcome
- disease intensitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effects of sowing date, partially resistant genotypes, and biocontrol agents were a reduction in the rate of epidemic development over time, a reduction of disease intensity, and an increase in chickpea seedling emergence, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biocontrol agents increased chickpea seedling emergence.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- biocontrol agentse0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effects of sowing date, partially resistant genotypes, and biocontrol agents were a reduction in the rate of epidemic development over time, a reduction of disease intensity, and an increase in chickpea seedling emergence, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing date, genotype resistance and biocontrol all influenced chickpea seed yield.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea seed yield was influenced by all three factors in the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Biocontrol agents most consistently increased chickpea seed yield.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- biocontrol agentse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in chickpea seed yield was the most consistent effect of the biocontrol agents”
Claim · model-written summary
Biocontrol treatments had their lowest disease-management effectiveness in January sowings.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biocontrol treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Effectivenesse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- January sowingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effectiveness of biocontrol treatments in disease management was lowest in January sowings”
t0“Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
February sowing yielded the greatest seed-yield increase from biocontrol agents.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biocontrol agentse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- greatest increasee0
- Qualifier
- Sowing in Februarye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sowing in February, which was moderately favorable for wilt development, resulted in the greatest increase in seed yield by the biocontrol agents”
t0“Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In March sowings biocontrol delayed wilt onset and increased emergence.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biocontrol agentse0
- Outcome
- disease onset and increased seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- March sowingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In March sowings, which were most conducive for the disease, the biocontrol agents delayed disease onset and increased seedling emergence”
t0“Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis GB03 and P. fluorescens RG 26, alone or with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, were most effective at suppressing wilt or delaying onset and increasing seed yield.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis GB03
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis GB03 and P. fluorescens RG 26, applied either alone or each in combination with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, were the most effective treatments at suppressing Fusarium wilt, or delaying disease onset and increasing seed yield, respectively”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that integrating partly effective controls can manage chickpea wilt and increase yield in Mediterranean-type environments.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- management of Fusarium wilt and increase of seed yielde0
- Setting
- Mediterranean-type environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrating existing control practices, partially effective by themselves, with other control measures to achieve appropriate management of Fusarium wilt and increase of seed yield in chickpea in Mediterranean-type environments”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.