Abstract
Fifteen field experiments were conducted from 2002 to 2005 to determine the influence of the nozzle type, spray volume, spray pressure, and herbicide rate on herbicidal efficacy in soybean. There was no effect of the nozzle type on herbicidal efficacy with fomesafen, bentazon, glyphosate, and cloransulam‐methyl when applied at the manufacturer's recommended rate. The control of Echinochloa crus‐galli (barnyardgrass) with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved when applied with flat fan (FF) nozzles compared with air induction (AI) nozzles. There was an increase in weed control with the FF nozzles compared with the AI nozzles in four of the 13 comparisons when the herbicides were applied at half the recommended rate, while in two situations, application with the AI nozzles resulted in improved weed control. With the FF nozzles, there was no effect of the water carrier volume on weed control with bentazon, glyphosate, and cloransulam‐methyl. The control of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume. With the AI nozzles, the control of A. theophrasti and Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume, while the control of A. theophrasti and Polygonum persicaria (ladysthumb) was improved with glyphosate at the lower water carrier volume. With the AI nozzles, the control of C. album with bentazon and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher spray pressure. There was no effect of the nozzle type on the soybean yield with glyphosate, cloransulam‐methyl, and quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl. The use of the FF nozzles compared with the AI nozzles to apply fomesafen and bentazon increased the soybean yield by 6 and 7%, respectively. Based on this study, the optimum nozzle type, water carrier volume, and spray pressure is herbicide‐ and weed species‐specific.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
At recommended herbicide rates, nozzle type did not affect efficacy of fomesafen, bentazon, glyphosate or cloransulam-methyl.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- nozzle typee0
- Outcome
- herbicidal efficacye0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- fomesafen, bentazon, glyphosate, and cloransulam‐methyle0
- Comparator
- manufacturer's recommended ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no effect of the nozzle type on herbicidal efficacy with fomesafen, bentazon, glyphosate, and cloransulam‐methyl when applied at the manufacturer's recommended rate”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flat fan nozzles improved barnyardgrass control with quizalofop compared with air induction nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- flat fan (FF) nozzlese0
- Interactor
- Echinochloa crus‐galli
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- control of Echinochloa crus‐gallie0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- air induction (AI) nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The control of Echinochloa crus‐galli (barnyardgrass) with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved when applied with flat fan (FF) nozzles compared with air induction (AI) nozzles”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At half herbicide rates, flat fan nozzles improved weed control in four of 13 comparisons.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- FF nozzlese0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- four of the 13 comparisonse0
- Qualifier
- half the recommended ratee0
- Comparator
- AI nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was an increase in weed control with the FF nozzles compared with the AI nozzles in four of the 13 comparisons when the herbicides were applied at half the recommended rate”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At half herbicide rates, air induction nozzles improved weed control in two situations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AI nozzlese0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- two situationse0
- Comparator
- FF nozzlese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in two situations, application with the AI nozzles resulted in improved weed control”
t0“soybean”
e1“There was an increase in weed control with the FF nozzles compared with the AI nozzles in four of the 13 comparisons when the herbicides were applied at half the recommended rate”
Claim · model-written summary
With flat fan nozzles, carrier volume did not affect weed control with bentazon, glyphosate or cloransulam-methyl.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- water carrier volumee0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- bentazon, glyphosate, and cloransulam‐methyle0
- Comparator
- FF nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the FF nozzles, there was no effect of the water carrier volume on weed control with bentazon, glyphosate, and cloransulam‐methyl”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher water carrier volume improved control of Abutilon theophrasti with fomesafen using FF nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrastie0weed - Outcome
- control of Abutilon theophrastie0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- fomesafene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The control of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher water carrier volume improved control of Chenopodium album with fomesafen using FF nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- Chenopodium album
Chenopodium albume0weed - Outcome
- Chenopodium albume0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- fomesafene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The control of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher water carrier volume improved control of E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl using FF nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- E. crus‐gallie0weed
- Outcome
- E. crus‐gallie0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The control of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher water carrier volume improved control of A. theophrasti with fomesafen using AI nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- A. theophrastiAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- control of A. theophrastie0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- fomesafene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the AI nozzles, the control of A. theophrasti and Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher water carrier volume improved control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia with fomesafen using AI nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia artemisiifoliae0weed - Outcome
- Ambrosia artemisiifoliae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- fomesafene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the AI nozzles, the control of A. theophrasti and Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher water carrier volume improved control of E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl using AI nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- E. crus‐gallie0weed
- Outcome
- E. crus‐gallie0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the AI nozzles, the control of A. theophrasti and Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) with fomesafen and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower water carrier volume improved control of A. theophrasti with glyphosate using AI nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- lower water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- A. theophrastiAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- control of A. theophrastie0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- glyphosatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the control of A. theophrasti and Polygonum persicaria (ladysthumb) was improved with glyphosate at the lower water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower water carrier volume improved control of Polygonum persicaria with glyphosate using AI nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- lower water carrier volumee0
- Interactor
- Polygonum persicaria
Persicaria maculosae0weed - Outcome
- Polygonum persicariae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- glyphosatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the control of A. theophrasti and Polygonum persicaria (ladysthumb) was improved with glyphosate at the lower water carrier volume”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher spray pressure improved control of C. album with bentazon using AI nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher spray pressuree0
- Interactor
- C. albumChenopodium albume0weed
- Outcome
- control of C. albume0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- bentazone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the AI nozzles, the control of C. album with bentazon and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher spray pressure”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher spray pressure improved control of E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl using AI nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher spray pressuree0
- Interactor
- E. crus‐gallie0weed
- Outcome
- E. crus‐gallie0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the AI nozzles, the control of C. album with bentazon and E. crus‐galli with quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl was improved at the higher spray pressure”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nozzle type did not affect soybean yield with glyphosate, cloransulam-methyl or quizalofop.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- nozzle typee0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- glyphosate, cloransulam‐methyl, and quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no effect of the nozzle type on the soybean yield with glyphosate, cloransulam‐methyl, and quizalofop‐ p ‐ethyl”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flat fan nozzles increased soybean yield by 6% with fomesafen versus air induction nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- FF nozzlese0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6e0
- Qualifier
- fomesafene0
- Comparator
- AI nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of the FF nozzles compared with the AI nozzles to apply fomesafen and bentazon increased the soybean yield by 6 and 7%, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flat fan nozzles increased soybean yield by 7% with bentazon versus air induction nozzles.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- FF nozzlese0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Qualifier
- bentazone0
- Comparator
- AI nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of the FF nozzles compared with the AI nozzles to apply fomesafen and bentazon increased the soybean yield by 6 and 7%, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal nozzle, carrier volume and pressure depend on herbicide and weed species.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- optimum nozzle type, water carrier volume, and spray pressuree0
- Qualifier
- herbicide‐ and weed species‐specifice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum nozzle type, water carrier volume, and spray pressure is herbicide‐ and weed species‐specific”
t0“soybean”
The same questions in other papers
food additive carrier · weed · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
food additive carrier · Abutilon theophrasti · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · Chenopodium album · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
application · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.