Abstract
Quantitative changes in the antifungal compound, 1‐acetoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐heneicosa‐12.15‐diene, in freshly harvested avocado fruits during the initial stages of fungal development were investigated to determine the possible involvement of the compound in quiescent infections of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The concentration of the antifungal compound in the peel decreased to subfungitoxic concentrations 16 h after harvest. Fifty‐six hours later the antifungal diene had increased to c . 3800 μg/g fresh weight. At this stage, germinated appressoria had penetrated the cuticle to the epidermal cells but no fungal development was observed until 7 days later when the concentration of the diene had decreased to 100‐110μg/g fresh weight. Following a dip treatment at 55°C for 5 or 10 min, the antifungal diene concentration decreased as in the controls, but it remained at subfungitoxic concentrations for a longer period enabling fungal development and early symptom expression. The concentration of the diene in the flesh of freshly harvested fruit decreased to 120 μg/g fresh weight 24 h after harvest. Inoculation of peeled fruits with spores of C. gloeosporioides showed germination without appressoria formation and symptom expression occurred 24‐48 h later. Symptom expression was delayed if fruits were inoculated after coating the flesh with epicuticular wax extracts or if the flesh was inoculated 3 days after harvest when the antifungal diene had regained a fungitoxic concentration. Disease symptoms were expressed in soft fruits containing subfungitoxic concentrations of the diene. We conclude that the diene in unripe avocado fruits inhibits fungal development of germinated appressoria or conidia. The quiescent structure of C. gloeosporioides in unripe avocado fruit is a subcuticular hypha.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Peel diene fell to subfungitoxic concentrations 16 hours after harvest.
- Taxon
- avocado
Persea americanat0 - Organ / stage
- peele0
- Outcome
- concentration of the antifungal compounde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 16 h after harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of the antifungal compound in the peel decreased to subfungitoxic concentrations 16 h after harvest.”
t0“avocado”
t1“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
The antifungal diene then rose to about 3800 μg/g fresh weight.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- antifungal dienee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- c . 3800 μg/g fresh weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fifty‐six hours later the antifungal diene had increased to c . 3800 μg/g fresh weight.”
t0“avocado”
t1“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Appressoria penetrated to epidermal cells before fungal development appeared.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colletotrichum gloeosporioidest0pathogen - Outcome
- germinated appressoria had penetrated the cuticle to the epidermal cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germinated appressoria had penetrated the cuticle to the epidermal cells but no fungal development was observed until 7 days later”
t0“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
t1“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal development appeared after diene declined to 100–110 μg/g fresh weight.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidest0pathogen
- Compound
- dienee0
- Outcome
- fungal developmente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 100‐110μg/g fresh weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no fungal development was observed until 7 days later when the concentration of the diene had decreased to 100‐110μg/g fresh weight.”
t0“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
t1“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot dip kept diene subfungitoxic longer, allowing early fungal symptoms.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- dip treatment at 55°C for 5 or 10 mine0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidest0pathogen
- Outcome
- early symptom expressione0
- Direction
- earlye0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following a dip treatment at 55°C for 5 or 10 min, the antifungal diene concentration decreased as in the controls, but it remained at subfungitoxic concentrations for a longer period enabling fungal development and early symptom expression.”
t0“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
t1“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
Claim · model-written summary
Flesh diene decreased to 120 μg/g at 24 hours after harvest.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Organ / stage
- fleshe0
- Outcome
- concentration of the dienee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 120 μg/g fresh weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of the diene in the flesh of freshly harvested fruit decreased to 120 μg/g fresh weight 24 h after harvest.”
t0“avocado”
t1“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Spores germinated on peeled fruit without forming appressoria.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Interactor
- C. gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination without appressoria formatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of peeled fruits with spores of C. gloeosporioides showed germination without appressoria formation”
t0“avocado”
t1“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptoms appeared 24–48 hours after peeled-fruit inoculation.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Interactor
- C. gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- symptom expressione0
- Value
- 24‐48 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“symptom expression occurred 24‐48 h later.”
t0“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
t1“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
e1“Inoculation of peeled fruits with spores of C. gloeosporioides showed germination without appressoria formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating delayed symptoms after inoculation.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- coating the flesh with epicuticular wax extractse0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidest0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptom expressione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptom expression was delayed if fruits were inoculated after coating the flesh with epicuticular wax extracts”
t0“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
t1“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation three days after harvest delayed symptoms.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- the flesh was inoculated 3 days after harveste0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidest0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptom expressione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptom expression was delayed if fruits were inoculated after coating the flesh with epicuticular wax extracts or if the flesh was inoculated 3 days after harvest when the antifungal diene had regained a fungitoxic concentration.”
t0“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
t1“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
Claim · model-written summary
Soft fruit with subfungitoxic diene concentrations expressed disease symptoms.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidest0pathogen
- Compound
- dienee0
- Outcome
- Disease symptomse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease symptoms were expressed in soft fruits containing subfungitoxic concentrations of the diene.”
t0“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
t1“avocado fruits by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
The same questions in other papers
storage · Colletotrichum gloeosporioides · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · Colletotrichum gloeosporioides · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
botanical · Colletotrichum gloeosporioides · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.