Abstract
Abstract Maize [ Z ea mays L . ssp. mays ( P oaceae)] was domesticated from B alsas teosinte ( Z ea mays ssp. parviglumis I ltis & D oebley) in present‐day M exico. Fall armyworm, S podoptera frugiperda JE S mith ( L epidoptera: N octuidae), is among the most important pests of maize in M exico and C entral A merica. We compared the strength of plant defenses against fall armyworm between micro‐sympatric landrace maize and B alsas teosinte in the field and laboratory. The field comparison, conducted in M exico, consisted of comparing the frequency of fall armyworm infestation between young maize and B alsas teosinte plants in dryland agricultural fields in which B alsas teosinte grew as a weed. The laboratory comparison contrasted the performance of fall armyworm larvae provided a diet of leaf tissue excised from maize or B alsas teosinte plants that were intact or had been primed by larval feeding. In the field, maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants: over 3 years and three fields, maize was infested at a ca. 1.8‐fold greater rate than B alsas teosinte. In the laboratory, larval growth, but not survivorship, was differently affected by feeding on maize vs. B alsas teosinte, and on primed vs. intact plants. Specifically, survivorship was ca. 98%, and did not differ between maize and B alsas teosinte, nor between primed and intact plants. Larvae grew less on intact vs. primed maize, and similarly on intact vs. primed B alsas teosinte; overall, growth was 1.2‐fold greater on maize compared to B alsas teosinte, and on primed compared to intact plants. Parallel observations showed that the differences in growth could not be attributed to the amount of leaf tissue consumed by larvae. We discuss our results in relation to differences in the strength of plant defenses between crops and their ancestors, the relevance of unmanaged B alsas teosinte introgression in the context of fall armyworm defenses in maize, and whether greater growth of larvae on primed vs. intact plants signifies herbivore offense.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, maize plants were infested by fall armyworm more frequently than B alsas teosinte plants, at about 1.8-fold the rate.
- Interactor
- fall armyworm
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Spodoptera frugiperdae1pest - Outcome
- infested with fall armyworme1
- Direction
- more frequentlye1
- Value
- 1.8‐fold greater ratee2
- Comparator
- B alsas teosintee1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants”
e2“maize was infested at a ca. 1.8‐fold greater rate than B alsas teosinte”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval survivorship did not differ between maize and B alsas teosinte, or between primed and intact plants.
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- survivorshipe3
- Direction
- did not differe3
- Value
- ca. 98%e3
- Comparator
- B alsas teosintee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants”
e3“survivorship was ca. 98%, and did not differ between maize and B alsas teosinte”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval growth was lower on intact than on primed maize.
- Treatment
- intacte4
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- larval growthe5
- Direction
- grew lesse4
- Comparator
- primede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants”
e4“Larvae grew less on intact vs. primed maize, and similarly on intact vs. primed B alsas teosinte”
e5“larval growth, but not survivorship, was differently affected by feeding on maize vs. B alsas teosinte”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval growth was similar on intact and on primed B alsas teosinte.
- Taxon
- B alsas teosinte
Zea mays subsp. parviglumise4 - Treatment
- intacte4
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- larval growthe5
- Direction
- similarlye4
- Comparator
- primede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants”
e4“Larvae grew less on intact vs. primed maize, and similarly on intact vs. primed B alsas teosinte”
e5“larval growth, but not survivorship, was differently affected by feeding on maize vs. B alsas teosinte”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall larval growth was 1.2-fold greater on maize than on B alsas teosinte.
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- growthe6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Value
- 1.2‐folde6
- Qualifier
- overalle6
- Comparator
- B alsas teosintee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants”
e6“overall, growth was 1.2‐fold greater on maize compared to B alsas teosinte, and on primed compared to intact plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall larval growth was greater on primed than on intact plants.
- Treatment
- primede6
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- growthe6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Qualifier
- overalle6
- Comparator
- intacte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants”
e6“overall, growth was 1.2‐fold greater on maize compared to B alsas teosinte, and on primed compared to intact plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in larval growth could not be attributed to the amount of leaf tissue consumed by larvae.
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- differences in growthe7
- Qualifier
- could not be attributed to the amount of leaf tissue consumed by larvaee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than B alsas teosinte plants”
e7“the differences in growth could not be attributed to the amount of leaf tissue consumed by larvae”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · Spodoptera frugiperda · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.