Abstract
Abstract Significant female flowering of 6‐ to 11‐year‐old seedlings and grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.) was promoted by both topical and spray applications of a gibberellin (GA) A 4/7 mixture (1.6 to c . 5 mg per plant in total) during that period (June to September) when sexual differentiation of lateral primordia would be expected to take place. Girdling was used in most experiments to enhance the GA 4/7 effect, as was the auxin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Average frequency of flowering branches on treated plants over all experiments ranged from 27 to 59% (control ranged from 0 to 36%) and average number of female strobili was increased from 2‐ to 6‐fold by growth regulator treatment, relative to controls. Within an experiment, clonal or family frequency of flowering for treated plants ranged from 11 to 67% (controls were 0 to 28%), and number of female strobili was increased from 2‐ to 14‐fold by growth regulator treatment, relative to controls. Movement of the flowering stimulus from the point of application was apparent in several experiments, the response in adjacent branches being correlated positively with increasing dosage of GA 4/7 . Significant male flowering occurred only in one experiment, girdling and GA 4/7 treatment being promotive factors. The use of spray applications of GA 4/7 + NAA is warranted to induce early and enhanced flowering in lodgepole pine seedlings and vegetative propagules for genetic improvement programs.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
GA 4/7 applications promoted female flowering in lodgepole pine.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pine
Pinus contortae7 - Treatment
- gibberellin (GA) A 4/7 mixturee0
- Outcome
- female floweringe6
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.)”
e0“was promoted by both topical and spray applications of a gibberellin (GA) A 4/7 mixture”
e6“Significant female flowering of 6‐ to 11‐year‐old seedlings and grafted ramets”
e1“control ranged from 0 to 36%”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering branch frequency on GA 4/7-treated lodgepole pine plants was higher than on controls, at 27 to 59%.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortae7
- Treatment
- gibberellin (GA) A 4/7 mixturee0
- Outcome
- Average frequency of flowering branchese1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 27 to 59%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.)”
e0“was promoted by both topical and spray applications of a gibberellin (GA) A 4/7 mixture”
e1“Average frequency of flowering branches on treated plants over all experiments ranged from 27 to 59% (control ranged from 0 to 36%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average number of female strobili increased 2- to 6-fold with growth regulator treatment compared with controls.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortae7
- Treatment
- growth regulator treatmente2
- Outcome
- average number of female strobilie2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 2‐ to 6‐folde2
- Comparator
- controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.)”
e2“average number of female strobili was increased from 2‐ to 6‐fold by growth regulator treatment, relative to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Clonal or family frequency of flowering was higher in treated lodgepole pine than in controls, at 11 to 67%.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortae7
- Treatment
- gibberellin (GA) A 4/7 mixturee0
- Outcome
- clonal or family frequency of floweringe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 11 to 67%e3
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.)”
e0“was promoted by both topical and spray applications of a gibberellin (GA) A 4/7 mixture”
e3“Within an experiment, clonal or family frequency of flowering for treated plants ranged from 11 to 67% (controls were 0 to 28%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Number of female strobili increased 2- to 14-fold with growth regulator treatment compared with controls within an experiment.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortae7
- Treatment
- growth regulator treatmente3
- Outcome
- number of female strobilie3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 2‐ to 14‐folde3
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.)”
e3“number of female strobili was increased from 2‐ to 14‐fold by growth regulator treatment, relative to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Response in adjacent branches was positively correlated with increasing GA 4/7 dosage.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortae7
- Treatment
- dosage of GA 4/7e4
- Outcome
- response in adjacent branchese4
- Direction
- correlated positivelye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.)”
e4“the response in adjacent branches being correlated positively with increasing dosage of GA 4/7”
Claim · model-written summary
Male flowering occurred significantly in only one experiment, with girdling and GA 4/7 treatment as promoting factors.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortae7
- Treatment
- GA 4/7 treatmente5
- Outcome
- male floweringe5
- Direction
- promotivee5
- Qualifier
- only in one experimente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.)”
e5“Significant male flowering occurred only in one experiment, girdling and GA 4/7 treatment being promotive factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray applications of GA 4/7 + NAA are warranted to induce early and enhanced flowering in lodgepole pine for genetic improvement programs.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortae6
- Treatment
- spray applications of GA 4/7 + NAAe6
- Outcome
- early and enhanced floweringe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The use of spray applications of GA 4/7 + NAA is warranted to induce early and enhanced flowering in lodgepole pine seedlings and vegetative propagules for genetic improvement programs”
The same questions in other papers
class · growth · Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.