Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the survival, persistence, and infection efficiency of Verticillium dahliae passed through the digestive tract of sheep. Eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates. At 33 days postinoculation, the disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively. The infected plant material was used to feed four 1-year-old sheep. Polymerase chain reaction assays revealed the presence of V. dahliae DNA in fecal samples received from animals' rectum on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, whereas the pathogen DNA was not detected on 0, 6, and 7 days after feeding. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by transplanting eggplant plants into soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manure, collected from the four animals fed with the infested forage. At 52 days after transplanting, manure-treated plants exhibited Verticillium wilt symptoms whereas, 2 months later, disease incidence, disease severity, and percentage of positive V. dahliae isolations from stem tissues were 58.3, 30.7, and 48.3%, respectively. Symptoms or positive isolations were not observed in control plants (transplanted in 100% soil substrate). This is the first report of the active role of V. dahliae passed through the digestive system of sheep as effective inoculum for host plants, in relation to the span persistence and transmission via the sheep carrier.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated eggplant had 99.6% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- Eggplant
Solanum melongenae0 - Treatment
- artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolatese0
- Interactor
- V. dahliae
Verticillium dahliaee0pathogen - Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Value
- 99.6e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
e1“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated turnip had 96.2% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- turnip
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Brassica rapa subsp. rapae0 - Treatment
- artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolatese0
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Value
- 96.2e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
e1“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated tomato had 62.9% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolatese0
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Value
- 62.9e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato, and pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
e1“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated pepper had 18.0% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- peppere0
- Treatment
- artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolatese0
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Value
- 18.0%e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
e1“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggplant disease severity was 80.1%.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae1
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Value
- 80.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
e1“Eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip disease severity was 49.8%.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae1
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Value
- 49.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
e1“turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato disease severity was 19.8%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Value
- 19.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
e1“tomato, and pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper disease severity was 7.8%.
- Taxon
- peppere1
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Value
- 7.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence and severity for eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants were 99.6, 96.2, 62.9, and 18.0% and 80.1, 49.8, 19.8, and 7.8%, respectively”
e1“pepper plants were artificially inoculated with 32 V. dahliae isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Verticillium DNA was detected in sheep feces on days 1 to 5 after infected plant feeding but not on days 0, 6, or 7.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae2
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- presence of V. dahliae DNA in fecal samplese0
- Qualifier
- days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polymerase chain reaction assays revealed the presence of V. dahliae DNA in fecal samples received from animals' rectum on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, whereas the pathogen DNA was not detected on 0, 6, and 7 days after feeding”
e1“The infected plant material was used to feed four 1-year-old sheep”
e2“Eggplant, turnip, tomato, and pepper plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggplant in manure amended soil developed Verticillium wilt symptoms.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manuree1
- Interactor
- VerticilliumVerticilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Verticillium wilt symptomse0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manure-treated plants exhibited Verticillium wilt symptoms”
e1“transplanting eggplant plants into soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manure”
e2“Symptoms or positive isolations were not observed in control plants (transplanted in 100% soil substrate)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure treated eggplant had 58.3% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manuree1
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Value
- 58.3e0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence, disease severity, and percentage of positive V. dahliae isolations from stem tissues were 58.3, 30.7, and 48.3%, respectively”
e1“transplanting eggplant plants into soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manure”
e2“Symptoms or positive isolations were not observed in control plants (transplanted in 100% soil substrate)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure treated eggplant had 30.7% disease severity.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manuree1
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Value
- 30.7e0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence, disease severity, and percentage of positive V. dahliae isolations from stem tissues were 58.3, 30.7, and 48.3%, respectively”
e1“transplanting eggplant plants into soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manure”
e2“Symptoms or positive isolations were not observed in control plants (transplanted in 100% soil substrate)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure treated eggplant had 48.3% positive Verticillium isolations from stems.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manuree1
- Interactor
- V. dahliaeVerticillium dahliaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of positive V. dahliae isolations from stem tissuese0
- Value
- 48.3%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence, disease severity, and percentage of positive V. dahliae isolations from stem tissues were 58.3, 30.7, and 48.3%, respectively”
e1“transplanting eggplant plants into soil substrate amended with 20% decomposed manure”
e2“Symptoms or positive isolations were not observed in control plants (transplanted in 100% soil substrate)”
The same questions in other papers
Verticillium dahliae · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
growing medium · Verticillium dahliae · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
fertilization · Verticillium · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
growing medium · Verticillium · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
fertilization · Verticillium dahliae · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
inoculation · disease · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
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See all 13 papers →inoculation · disease · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 33 papers →inoculation · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
129 papers in the same direction as this paper · 136 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
262 papers more in this group
See all 266 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.